Inleiding

• Personality traits


  Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
• Personality traits


  • Imply consistency and stability
  • People differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations
• Five-Factor Model


  The most widely used system of personality traits, including Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

  
• Facets


  More specific, lower-level units of personality that are more specific than the Big Five traits
• Trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations
• Critics of the trait concept argue that people do not act consistently from one situation to the next and that people are very influenced by situational forces
• When we observe people around us, one of the first things that strikes us is how different people are from one another
• Personality traits reflect basic dimensions on which people differ

  
• Personality traits reflect continuous distributions rather than distinct personality types
• Criteria that characterize personality traits

  • Consistency
  • Stability
  • Individual differences

  
• The lexical hypothesis states that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

  
• Statistical techniques were used to determine whether a small number of dimensions might underlie all of the thousands of words we use to describe people
• The Big Five


  The most widely accepted system of five major personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

  
• Scores on the Big Five traits are mostly independent
• Personality traits can have broad-ranging consequences for many areas of our life, such as success in college and health
• There is no widely accepted list of facets that should be studied, the list shown reflects just one possible list among many
• Extraverted


  Warm and friendly, finds it easy to talk with strangers
• Introverted


  Terrified to perform in front of others or speak to large groups
• There are different ways of being extraverted or conscientious, showing the value in considering lower-level units of personality that are more specific than the Big Five traits
• Facets


  More specific, lower-level units of personality
• Facets

  Provide more specific descriptions of what a person is like
• Facet scores can allow better prediction of how a person will do in different jobs
• Broad traits like extraversion often provide a useful summary, but facet scores add important knowledge
• Eysenck's model


  Extraversion and Neuroticism are the most important personality traits

  
• Eysenck's theory


  Introverts experience too much sensory stimulation and arousal, extraverts are motivated to seek reward
• HEXACO model


  Similar to Big Five but adds Honesty-Humility as a sixth dimension
• There are many other important personality traits beyond the Big Five
• The person-situation debate questioned whether personality traits exist or if behavior is determined by situational factors

  
• Research shows both personality traits and situational factors influence behavior, with their effects being about equally large

  
• To best capture broad personality traits, one must assess aggregate behaviors across many situations

  
• Modern personality researchers agree there is a place for both broad personality traits and narrower units
• The Mini-IPIP scale measures the Big Five personality traits

  
• Am not really interested in others

  Personality Trait: Low Agreeableness
• Make a mess of things

  Personality Trait: Low Conscientiousness
• Seldom feel blue


  Personality Trait: Low Neuroticism
• Do not have a good imagination

  Personality Trait: Low Openness
• Scoring


  1. Reverse items worded in the opposite direction

  2. Add up scores for each OCEAN scale
• OCEAN Personality Scales


  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
• Personality Trait Norms:

  19–20 Extremely High,

  17–18 Very High,

  14–16 High,

  11–13 Neither high nor low; in the middle,

  8–10 Low,

  6–7 Very low,

  4–5 Extremely low

  
• Outside Resources


  • Video 1: Gabriela Cintron's – 5 Factors of Personality (OCEAN Song)
  • Video 2: Michael Harris' – Personality Traits: The Big 5 and More
  • Video 3: David M. Cole's – Grouchy with a Chance of Stomping