eukaryotic cells

• eukaryotic cells are complex cells
• animal cells contain:

  • cell surface membrane
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • lysosome
  • ribosome
  • nuclear envelope
  • golgi apparatus
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
• plant cells contain:

  • cell surface membrane
  • chloroplast
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • plasmodesmata
  • mitochondria
  • golgi apparatus
  • vacuole
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • nuclear envelope
  • ribosome
  • cell wall
• algal cells contain:

  • mitochondria
  • ribosome
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • cell surface membrane
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • nuclear envelope
  • chloroplast
• plant cell walls are made out of cellulose
• algal cell walls are made of cellulose
• fungal cells contain:

  • ribosome
  • cell surface membrane
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleolus
  • mitochondria
  • golgi apparatus
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • nuclear envelope
  • vacuole
• fungal cell walls are made from chitin
• a cell surface membrane is made of mainly lipids or proteins
• the cell surface membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores and contains a nucleolus
• nucleus controls the transcription of DNA to make proteins
• mitochondria are oval shaped and have a double membrane, the inner structures are called cristae, inside is the matrix which contains enzymes
• mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP
• chloroplast is a small flattened structure and is surrounded by a double membrane, it also has thylakoid membranes inside which are stacked up to form grana, this is linked together by lamellae
• the chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place
• golgi apparatus is a fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs
• the golgi apparatus processes and packages new lipids and proteins
• a golgi vesicle is a small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm that is produces by the golgi apparatus
• the golgi vesicle stores lipids and proteins made by the apparatus and transports them out of the cell
• lysosome is surrounded by a membrane and is a type of golgi vesicle
• the lysosome contains lysozymes which are used to digest invading cells
• a ribosome floats in the cytoplasm and is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, its made of proteins and RNA
• the ribosome is where proteins are made
• the rough endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis of proteins
• the rough endoplasmic reticulum folds and processes ribosomes that have been made at the ribosome
• the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound organelle
• the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and processes lipids
• the cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds plants, algae and fungi
• the cell wall supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
• the vacuole contains sap and has a surrounding membrane called a tonoplast
• the vacuole keeps the cell rigid and stops the plants from wilting and isolates unwanted chemicals inside the cell