microbes -

• Microbes


  A microorganism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and yeasts.
• Antibody


  A type of protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen.
• b cells are a type of white blood cells
• what happens in antibody manufacture is that naturally occurring antibodies are cloned and then produced in large quantities.
• Antibody manufacture

  Our bodies produce proteins called antibodies . Antigens enter our body and B cells recognise them and start multiplying. B cells produce antibodies designed to sit perfectly on the surface of the antigens and bind together. Preventing them from harming cells. Antibodies trigger the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to eliminate antigens. Antigens are engulfed and digested by phagocyte cells which helps to remove them from the body.
• Antibodies


  a type of protein produced by the immune system to fight off infections and diseases
• how do white blood cells fight infection?

  they work in different ways- some engulf and destroy harmful microbes. others make antibodies which stick to microbes and make them easier to microbes and make them easier to destroy. Each type of microbe needs a different antibody so they can't be made in advance. antutixins are produced. once wbc make antibodies it remembers how and becomes a memory cell.
• Antitoxin


  An antibody that binds to and inactivates a toxin, neutralizing its harmful effects
• microbes


  tiny organisms that can include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. these microscopic creatures can be found anywhere (even inside us). some can be harmful while others are beneficial.
• How do vaccines work?

  vaccines contain microbes that normally cause disease. however, the microbes have been treated so they are no longer harmful. inactive microbes. in response to vaccine, special wbc create antibodies to destroy the pathogens.
• why does it take time to recover from an infection?

  wbc need time to defeat microbes.
• Do antibiotics work against viruses?

  NO, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses because they are designed to target bacteria.
• how do antibiotics work?

  antibiotics are medicines that can harm bacteria and stop them from multiplying. Bacteria not harmed by them are resistant they don't work against viruses.
• adaptive behaviours of hosts and symbiotic relationships

  hosts exhibit adaptive behaviours to defend against parasites. many animals groom each other for hours to get rid of parasites on the outside. remora fish swim into the mouths of sharks and eat the parasites. BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT
• Host


  Organism that provides a habitat for the parasite to live on or in.
• Parasite


  Organism that lives on or in another organism (the host) and feeds on its resources or harms it in some way.
• what are parasites and their hosts?

  Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism, obtaining nutrients at the host's expense. The host is the organism that the parasite lives on or in.
• plant defences against diseases?

  Chemical compounds, physical barriers, and immune responses.
• what ways can we improve health?

  balanced diet, exercise, reduce stress, avoid smoking and drink alcohol in moderation
• difference between communicable and non communicable disease

  communicable disease is a disease that can be spread to a person from another person, animal or object. non communicable disease is a disease that cannot be spread
• plant defences against disease

  physical barriers like the plants outer layer (epidermis) and cell walls which act as barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the plant. plants produce chemicals when attack to inhibit (stops) growth
• plant diseases, symptoms


  ash dieback-releases airborne spores that can survive cold climate/temperature. tobacco mosaic virus- special movement protein spreads between plants. contaminated water
• 3 types of microbes

  virus, bacteria, fungus
• antibiotics harm bacteria and some stop the bacteria reproducing and others kill the bacteria indirectly. they do not harm viruses such as colds and flu
• flees 


  flees live on dogs and feed on their blood. the dog receives no benefit but the flees are provided with food and a habitat
• Headlice 


  Lives on the human body and survive by feeding on human blood
• How can you tell if a plant is infected?

  Stunted growth, spots on leaves, growths, malformed stems or leaves, discolouration, the presence of pests
• How to prevent the spread of disease

  Salmonella- cooking foods thoroughly and preparing them in hygienic conditions kills pathogens

  Athletes foot- washing surfaces with disinfectant kills pathogens

  Measles- vaccinations introduce a small or weakened version of a pathogen into your body and the immune system learns to defend itself
• pathogens are an organism that harms it hosts
• Some antibiotics work by destroying the cell wall of the bacteria so that they can’t replicate.
• viruses are not alive because they do not complete all 7 life processes
• bacteria
smallest among living things . single bacterium consists of just one cell called a single cell. NO NUCLEUS
• not all bacteria are pathogens that cause disease