NCFE

• Skeleton


  The internal framework of bones of the human body
• Skeleton


  • Provides the framework for the human body
  • Can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
• Axial skeleton


  Makes up the 'core' of the human body
• The human skeleton is made up of over 200 bones
• Bones


  • Provide the basic shape/structure of the body and support individual body parts
  • Determine whether a person is tall or short based on bone length
  • Support the body and hold the organs in place
  • Allow movement when muscles contract and pull on the bones
• Skeleton


  • Protects vital organs
  • Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous
  • Produces blood cells in the bone marrow
• Bone types


  • Long
  • Flat
  • Short
  • Sesamoid
• Long bones


  • Act as levers, muscles pull on them to create movement
  • Produce red and white blood cells in the bone marrow
• Flat bones


  • Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach
  • Protect vital organs
  • Produce red and white blood cells in the bone marrow
• Short bones


  Are strong, light and can be weight-bearing
• Sesamoid bones


  Protect a joint and provide a smooth surface for a tendon to move over
• Synovial joint


  A type of joint that can create a large amount of movement
• Parts of a synovial joint

  • Joint capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
• Joint capsule


  Encloses the joint
• Synovial membrane


  Lines the joint cavity and produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates the joint and reduces friction between the articulating cartilages
• Articular cartilage


  Covers the ends of the bones, preventing them from rubbing together
• Ligaments


  Tough, fibrous connective tissue that joins one bone to another, providing stability during movement
• Tendons


  Strong, fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone, allowing muscles to pull on bones and create movement
• The knee joint is a good example of a synovial joint
• Kyphosis


  An increased curve in the thoracic region of the spine, causing a 'round-shouldered' appearance
• Scoliosis


  A sideways curve of the spine, causing one shoulder to appear higher than the other
• Smooth muscle


  • Involuntary muscle found in the digestive system, blood vessels, lungs, uterus and bladder
  • Contracts in all directions to help with movement of food, blood, air and urine
• Skeletal muscle


  • Voluntary muscle attached to the bones of the skeleton
  • Helps with movement of the skeleton and posture
• Skeletal muscle locations


  • Deltoid
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Pectorals
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Abdominals
  • Obliques
  • Gluteals
  • Hip flexors
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
• Agonist muscle


  The muscle that contracts to produce a movement
• Antagonist muscle


  The muscle that relaxes to allow a movement to take place
• Origin


  The place where a muscle attaches to a bone that doesn't move
• Insertion


  The place where a muscle attaches to a bone that moves
• Type 1 (slow-twitch) muscle fibres


  Dark red in colour, have a slow contraction speed, fatigue slowly, use oxygen to produce energy, can sustain force for an extended time
• Type 2 (fast-twitch) muscle fibres


  White in colour, have a very fast contraction speed, produce a strong force, fatigue very quickly, contract without oxygen
• Type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres are suited to different types of health and fitness activities
• Inhalation (breathing in)


  The diaphragm contracts and moves down, the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs move up and out, the thoracic cavity gets bigger, air pressure inside the lungs decreases, air rushes in
• Exhalation (breathing out)


  The diaphragm relaxes and moves up, the intercostal muscles relax, the ribs move down and in, the thoracic cavity gets smaller, air pressure inside the lungs increases, air rushes out