Food

• Cranial and anterior


  Directional terms meaning towards the head
• Caudal and posterior


  Directional terms meaning towards the tail
• Dorsal (upper)


  Directional term meaning towards or beyond the backbone or vertebral column
• Ventral (lower)


  Directional term meaning away from the vertebral column or towards the mid-abdominal wall
• It is necessary to recognise the normal form and appearance of any organ or structure in order to recognise and evaluate the abnormal
• Sagittal Plane


  Left & right
• Frontal Plane


  Anterior & posterior

  
• Transverse


  Upper & lower
• The skeleton consists of bones and cartilage that is either fused together or joined by way of joints to allow movement
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Giving rigidity and form to the body
  • Providing protection to internal organs
  • Acting as levers
  • Storing minerals
  • Providing a site for blood formation
• The skeleton can be subdivided into the skull, spinal (vertebral) column, thorax or chest, sacrum, os coxae (pelvic bones), pectoral limb (foreleg), pelvic limb (hind leg), joints, body cavities (thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity), and ligaments
• Striated or voluntary (skeleton) muscles


  Meat or flesh
• Heart or cardiac muscles

  Involuntary muscles
• Non-striated, involuntary and smooth muscles


  Found in internal organs
• Growth


  Increase in body mass until matured
• Development


  Body formation and conformation with the full development of the various functions of the different viscera and parts to a complete functional being
• Changes that determine growth and development

  • Increase in cell size
  • Increase in cell numbers and mitotic cell division
  • Differentiation of cells into types
  • The organisation of the first three changes
• Endocrine system


  Collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood
• Pituitary glands


  Secrete growth hormone and have the greatest influence on the young animal
• Sex glands


  Testicles and ovaries secrete sex hormones
• Thyroid


  Secretes a range of hormones that affect the whole body
• Adrenal glands


  The outer portion is the adrenal cortex and the inner portion is the adrenal medulla. The hormones of the adrenal cortex are essential for life and the hormones of the adrenal medulla
• Endocrine pancreas


  Maintains healthy glucose (blood sugar) levels by secreting insulin and glucagon
• Factors that influence body composition and distribution of tissue types

  • Mass and age
  • Breed
  • Sex
  • Growth rate and nutrition
  • Body conformation
  • Anabolic growth promoters / Exogenic manipulation
  • Environment
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Involuntary (smooth unstriated muscle)
  • Voluntary (striated muscles)
  • Cardiac muscles
• Involuntary muscles are found in the intestines, glands and arteries. All of these muscles are also referred to as skeletal muscles and forms the main component of meat
• The colour of the muscle will differ from red to pink/white and are therefore distinguished as red and white muscle
• Blood


  Consists of a fluid called plasma and various cells. It transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, removes waste products from tissue for elimination from the body and controls the body temperature
• Components of blood


  • Plasma (fluid)
  • Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
  • Serum
• Arteries


  Thick, muscular and elastic walls. They transport the blood from the heart to organs and tissues
• Veins


  Thin walls and have one-way valve to prevent the back-flow of the blood. They transport waste products including carbon dioxide in the blood from the tissues back to the heart
• Capillary vessels


  Small subdivisions of blood vessels, as fine as hair. They bring about the gaseous and nutritious interchange between blood and tissue cells
• Heart


  Located in the thorax, anchored by the big blood vessels and surrounded by a serous sack called the pericardium that contains a small amount of fluid

  
• Layers of the heart wall

  • Epicardium or outer surface of the heart
  • Endocardium or inner surface of the heart
  • Myocardium or cardiac muscle between the membranes
• Heart chambers


  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
• Parts of the respiratory system

  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
• Comparative anatomy of the lungs

  • Bovine: 3 lobes left, 4 lobes right, 3 accessory bronchi
  • Sheep: 3 lobes left, 4 lobes right, 3 accessory bronchi
  • Pigs: 3 lobes left, 3 lobes right, 3 accessory bronchi
  • Horses: 2 lobes left, 3 lobes right, 2 bronchi
• Parts of the digestive system

  • Mouth
  • Tongue
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Mesenterium
  • Omentum
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
• Parts of the ruminant stomach

  • Rumen
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum
• Parts of the small intestine

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum