his

• Hippocrates


  Father of modern medicine
• Hippocrates


  • Believed the body is made up of four liquids: phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile
  • Stressed the idea of observation, rest, and exercise in leading a healthy lifestyle
  • Sought natural, logical, and rational explanations for the cause of disease rather than relying on superstition
• Galen


  Developed the ideas put down by Hippocrates
• Galen


  • Suggested treating humors with the theory of opposites
  • Encouraged dissection and made anatomical discoveries, though some were inaccurate
  • Believed the human body was perfectly designed and must have a creator, which aligned with Christian Church teachings
• Avicenna


  Arab doctor who kept Galen and Hippocrates' ideas alive after the collapse of the Roman Empire
• Avicenna


  • Wrote the Canon of Medicine, which became the standard European medical textbook until the 17th century
  • Discussed medical properties of 760 drugs and conditions like anorexia and obesity
• Paracelsus


  Father of toxicology
• Paracelsus


  • Adhered to the four humors theory but added the idea of the Holy Trinity (salt, sulfur, mercury)
  • Believed the body was a chemical system that had to be in balance with the environment
  • Introduced new chemical substances into medicine, like methyl mercury for syphilis treatment
• Roger Bacon


  Encouraged doctors to carry out their own research and learn from experiments
• The Christian Church considered Bacon's ideas to be going against Galen and therefore against God, so they threw him in prison
• John Hunter


  Developed better approaches to surgery
• John Hunter


  • Encouraged good scientific habits like learning about the human body and experimenting to find better treatments
  • Tested treatments on animals before people
• Vesalius


  Wrote the book "On the Fabric of the Human Body" in 1543
• Vesalius


  • Book was based on human dissection, proving Galen wrong on some anatomical details
  • Book was mass published due to the printing press, allowing doctors to follow along in their own experiments
• Ambroise Paré


  Contributions to medicine
• Ambroise Paré


  • Developed a recipe for wound treatment involving egg yolk, turpentine, and rosin that helped wounds heal faster
  • Developed the idea of ligatures to tie off blood vessels instead of cauterization, though this introduced infection
• William Harvey


  Showed Galen's ideas about blood circulation were incorrect
• William Harvey


  • Proved the body does not consume blood but rather the heart pumps it around the body
  • Carried out experiments on cold-blooded animals to more easily observe blood flow
• Thomas Sydenham


  The "English Hippocrates"
• Thomas Sydenham


  • Encouraged observation and natural remedies over intervention
  • Suggested doctors should visit patients rather than the other way around, which was opposed at the time
• Edward Jenner


  Discovered vaccinations
• Edward Jenner


  • Discovered that inoculating people with cowpox could prevent smallpox, a major killer at the time
  • Faced opposition and ridicule, but his discovery led to government vaccination programs that eradicated smallpox worldwide by 1980
• Florence Nightingale


  Revolutionized nursing during the Crimean War
• Florence Nightingale


  • Drastically reduced hospital mortality rates through cleaning and improving conditions
  • Wrote books on nursing principles and set up Britain's first nurse training school
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson


  First female trained doctor in Britain
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson


  • Passed medical exams and set up her own practice, facing opposition from those who didn't think women could be doctors
  • Helped set up the London School of Medicine for Women, the only teaching hospital in Britain to offer courses to women
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Rational agents will select the choice which presents the highest benefits
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first female trained doctor having passed an examination in the Society of apothecaries to get a license
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was unable to work in a hospital as a result
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson sets up her own practice including an outpatient service for the poor
• By 1870 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson learned French in an order to obtain a medical degree
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson gained membership of the British Medical Association or the BMA in 1873 but she was the only woman member for nearly 20 years
• Elizabeth Garrett Anderson helped set up the London School of Medicine for women in 1874 which was the only teaching hospital in Britain to offer courses to women
• By 1911 there were only 495 women on the medical register in Britain
• Joseph Lister discovered how carbolic acid could be used as an antiseptic