synth routes ALL ORGANIC

• alkane to haloalkane


  = radical substitution, requires:

  • UV light
  • halogen
• alkene to haloalkane


  = electrophillic addition, requires:

  • hydrogen halide
• haloalkane to alcohol


  = nucleophillic substitution, requires:

  • NaOH (aq)
• alcohol to haloalkane


  = reflux and separated using distillation, requires:

  • hydrogen halide
• primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

  = reflux, requires:

  • potassium dichromate (VI) solution (K2Cr2O7) OR sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• primary alcohol to aldehyde

  = oxidation, requires:

  • NaBH4
• secondary alcohol to aldehyde

  = distillation, requires:

  • potassium dichromate (VI) (Kr2Cr2O7) OR sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• aldehyde to carboxylic acid

  = reflux, requires:

  • potassium dichromate (VI) (Kr2Cr2O7) OR sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• alkene to alcohol


  = heat, requires:

  • H3PO4 or sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• alkene to alcohol


  reacting with:

  • steam
  • H3PO4
• ester to carboxylic acid

  = heat, requires:

  • dilute acid
• carboxylic acid to ester

  = esterification, requires:

  • concentrated alcohol
  • sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the acid catalyst