Global Hazards

• Collision Plate


  Where 2 continental plates move towards eachother. Neither plates sink into the mantle, instead they fold upwards. This creates fold mountains. We can experience earthquakes but no volcanoes.

  
• Conservative plate


  Where 2 tectonic plates slide past eachother. Friction builds up overtime and when this is released, we can get violent earthquakes. We do not get volcanoes as no magma is rising.

  
• Destructive Plate


  Where 1 destructive plate boundary and 1 oceanic plate boundary move towards eachother. Oceanic crust is heavier so therefore it subducts into the mantle. As it does this, it melts into the magma and this magma then rises and forces its way through the crust to create composite volcanoes which are explosive and steep. We can experience earthquakes due to the movement in plates.

  
• Constructive Plate


  Where 2 plate boundaries move away and magma rises from the mantle. This erupts onto the surface as a shield volcano which are low and flat. Can experience earthquakes due to the movement in the crust.

  
• Crust (lithosphere)


  The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle

  
• Mantle


  The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

  
• Outer Core


  A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth

  
• Inner core


  A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth

  
• Oceanic Crust


  Oceanic crust is found beneath our oceans and is between 5-10 KM thick -example: Pacific plate. It is heavy and dense and is in the form of igneous rock. Oceanic crust gets destroyed due to it subducting into the mantle and melting.

  
• Continental Crust


  Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and is between 25-100 KM thick -example: North American plate. It is lighter and less dense than the oceanic crust. It is older than the Oceanic crust as it is rarely destroyed and recycled in the process of subduction and some sections of it are nearly as old as the earth itself.

  
• Oceanic Crust


  Oceanic crust is found beneath our oceans and is between 5-10 KM thick -example: Pacific plate. It is heavy and dense and is in the form of igneous rock. Oceanic crust gets destroyed due to it subducting into the mantle and melting.

  
• Continental Crust


  Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and is between 25-100 KM thick -example: North American plate. It is lighter and less dense than the oceanic crust. It is older than the Oceanic crust as it is rarely destroyed and recycled in the process of subduction and some sections of it are nearly as old as the earth itself.

  
• Managing Volcanic Eruptions:

  • Warning signs: Small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up, temperature around the volcano rises as activity increases, when it is close to erupting it will start to release gases
  • Monitoring Techniques: Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes, gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulphur levels, thermal imaging used to detect heat around the volcano.
• Future protection from Earthquakes

  • Building earthquake-resistant buildings
  • Raising public awareness
  • Improving earthquake predictions
• Earthquake building structures

  • Lightweight materials that cause minimal damage if fallen during an earthquake
  • Windows fitted with shatter-proof glass to reduce breakage
  • Foundations made from reinforced steel pillars
  • Roof made with reinforced cement concrete