Science reviewer

• Digestive System


  Digestion, nutrition, and excretion
• Mechanical Digestion

  • Chewing
  • Grinding
  • Mixing food
• Chemical Digestion


  Use of enzymes and gastric juices to breakdown food
• Gastro-Intestinal Tract


  Alimentary Canal
• Mouth


  • Ingestion
  • Mastication
  • Chewing
• Tongue


  • Taste and speech
• Teeth


  • Cutting down food
• Epiglottis


  • Temporarily closes the windpipe while swallowing the bolus
• Esophagus


  • 25 cm, no digestion
• Stomach


  • J-shaped, can hold 2 liters of food for 4-6 hours, chyme
• Small Intestines


  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• Small Intestines


  Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
• Large Intestine


  The colon, undigested food, and vitamins and water, elimination
• Appendix

  • Organ, growth of gut flora, appendicitis (swollen and inflamed)
• Liver


  Largest glandular organ, bile
• Pancreas


  Produces insulin to regulate the blood sugar
• Salivary Glands


  Produce saliva to break down starch and sugars using amylase
• Rectum


  Sends signal to the brain for defecation
• Cells


  Basic unit of life: all organisms are made of cells; contain the genetic material in the nucleus; cells do come from pre-existing cells
• Nucleus


  Membrane-bound organelle contains the chromosomes
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Chromosomes


  Colored bodies, protein structures; contain the genetic instructions
• Chromosome Types


  • 22 pairs somatic
  • 1 pair gametes
• Cell Cycle


  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
• Meiosis


  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Cytokinesis
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
  • Cytokinesis
• Sex Chromosomes

  XX-female; XY-male
• Spermatogenesis

  Sperm cells
• Oogenesis


  Ova/Egg cells
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  Father of Modern Genetics: Pisum sativum
• Genetics


  Study of the passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Allele Types


  • Dominant (stronger)
  • Recessive (weaker)
• Genotype Types


  • Homozygous (same letters)
  • Heterozygous (different letters)
• Incomplete Dominance


  Both alleles are partially expressed
• Codominance


  Alleles are distinctly expressed
• Punnett Square


  Tool to predict genotypes and phenotypes
• Blood Types


  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
• Ecosystems


  Living organisms and non-living things
• Ecology


  Study of the interaction of the organisms and their environment
• Components of Ecosystems


  • Biotic (living organisms)
  • Abiotic (non-living things)
• Taxonomy


  Science of naming organisms