Geography

• Urbanisation


  The increase in people living in towns and cities
• In 1950 33% of the world's population lived in urban areas, whereas in 2015 55% of the world's population lived in urban areas. It is predicted 70% will be living in urban areas by 2050
• Urban growth

  The increase in land covered by cities
• Causes of urban growth

  • Natural increase
  • Rural to urban migration
• Natural increase


  If a country has a higher birth rate than death rate, the population will naturally increase
• Rural to urban migration


  The movement of people from the countryside to cities, caused by push factors and pull factors
• Rural to urban migration push factors

  • Farming is hard and poorly paid
  • Increased use of machinery in farming = less people needed to work = unemployment
  • Dry land in rural areas caused by desertification = land cannot be farmed
  • Fewer doctors, hospitals, schools and transportation routes
• Rural to urban migration pull factors

  • More highly skilled, better paid jobs
  • Range of entertainment opportunities
  • More and better doctors and hospitals
  • More schools and better education
  • Better transportation routes/public transport
• 65% of all megacities are located in LICs and NEEs
• Industrialisation


  As a country develops their economy changes from agriculture (primary) to manufacturing (secondary) and services (tertiary). This occurs during the industrial revolution
• The UK and other HICs had their industrial revolution in the 18th & 19th centuries. LICs and NEEs are going through their industrial revolution now, for example China's industrial revolution started in 1980
• Counter-urbanisation


  In HICs, people are deciding to leave cities and live in the surrounding countryside to get a better quality of life
• There are currently 34 megacities in the world
• Rio de Janeiro


  • Located in Guanabara Bay, on the south-east coast of Brazil, next to the Atlantic Ocean
  • It is the cultural capital of Brazil and 2nd largest city, with a population of 12.5 million
• Importance of Rio de Janeiro

  • At the REGIONAL level it provides schools, hospitals, universities, employment, leisure and recreation. It is important due to its art and culture scene. It also is an important transport hub with airports and docks.
  • At the NATIONAL (country) level it is home to many of Brazil's largest company headquarters, including mining, oil and telecommunications. Rio is a major centre specialising in clothing, processed food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
  • At the INTERNATIONAL level, it hosts international events such as the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, as well as many of its companies trading internationally
• Rio de Janeiro has attracted a multicultural population, with people from all over the world moving there to live: South Korea, China, UK, USA, Portugal, Argentina and Bolivia
• Social and economic opportunities created by urban growth in Rio de Janeiro


  • JOBS: Rio provides >6% of all jobs in Brazil. Rio is home to many manufacturing industries, (pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods) and service industries (banking, insurance). As Rio grows there are many jobs in construction.
  • BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES: The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development. It will attract businesses to the area. Rio produces 5% of Brazil's GDP.
  • EDUCATION: Rio provide grants to poor families to encourage children to attend school. Rio have many volunteers who help in schools. There are adult classes to help adults gain skills = better jobs.
  • SERVICES: Rio has a new nuclear generator and hydro-electric power station = more energy produced. 60km of new electricity lines = better access to energy. By 2014, 95% of Rio had access to a mains water supply. This was due to 7 new water treatment plants and 300km of new water pipes being laid. 12 new sewage works have been built and 5km of sewage pipes installed in badly polluted areas.
  • HEALTHCARE: Some areas in Brazil (Barra de Tijuna) have a life expectancy of 80 years old. Brazil (as a country) has an average life expectancy of 63 years. Medical staff go into favelas and offer emergency medication to people's homes.
  • ENTERTAINMENT: One of the world's top tourist destinations - The Statue of Christ the Redeemer, stunning natural surroundings and entertainment.
  • TRANSPORT: It has two major airports and five shipping ports. Public transport, toll roads and one way systems to control traffic
• Social, economic and environmental challenges created by urban growth in Rio de Janeiro

  • Lack of healthcare: In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic.
  • Lack of education: Only 50% of children continue education past 14 years old. Lack of schools, teachers and funding.
  • Lack of water supply: 37% of water is lost due to leaky pipes and illegal access = people do not have access.
  • Lack of energy: Due to rapid population growth and illegal tapping onto electricity lines there are frequent blackouts.
  • Unemployment: Many people are unemployed in Rio.
  • Air pollution: Cars & growth of factories = 5000 deaths per year. Very little flat land in Rio means all roads are concentrated in small areas of flat land = congestion. In the past 10 years the number of cars has increased by 40%.
  • Water pollution: 200 tonnes of raw sewage & 50 tonnes of industrial waste pour into Guanabara Bay each day. Also oil from oil spills (e.g. Petrobas oil refinery) and fuel from ships goes into the water.
  • Waste pollution: A lack of waste disposal = rubbish on streets.
  • Creation of squatter settlements (favelas): Poorly built homes using basic materials, houses built on steep slopes = landslides, 30% no electricity, 50% no sewage system and 12% no running water, 20% are unemployed, drug gangs are common & police is rare, high population densities (37,000 per km²) + a lack of waste disposal = spread of diseases
• Favela Bairro Project


  • An urban planning scheme that improves the quality of life for the urban poor in the Complexo do Alemão favela in northern Rio de Janeiro
  • Roads have been improved and paved
  • Improved access to water pipes and sanitation
  • Hillsides strengthened to prevent landslides
  • New healthcare, leisure and education facilities
  • New cable car was built, connecting the favela to Bonsucesso Station, where trains go to city centre, however it closed in 2016 due to a lack of government funding
  • 100% mortgages provided for locals to buy homes
  • A Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) was set up = less crime
• The Favela Bairro Project was successful because: access/mobility is better = access to jobs in city centre, improved healthcare, education, access to services, 100% mortgages = more people can buy homes, less crime, fewer landslides. It was unsuccessful because: new infrastructure not maintained and residents did not have skills to fix it, area improved = increase in demand to live there = increase in rent = poorest had to move, budget of US$1 billion could not help all favelas
• Population Distribution


  The way something is spread out over an area
• Industrialisation


  Growth of secondary manufacturing
• De-industrialisation


  Decline of secondary manufacturing
• Post industrial economy


  Economy is mainly tertiary and quaternary industries
• Brownfield site


  Land that has previously been built on
• Greenfield site


  Land that has never previously been built on
• International Migration


  The movement of people across countries
• Urban Growth


  The increase in land covered by urban areas
• Urban Sprawl


  Unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural area
• Urban Greening


  Increasing the amount of green space in a city
• Social Inequalities


  Some areas have more opportunities than others
• Rural-urban Fringe


  The area on the edge of a city, where it meets the countryside
• Green Belt


  Protected land at the rural-urban fringe where building is restricted
• Dereliction


  Areas that are abandoned and become run down
• Urban Regeneration


  The reversal of urban decline through redevelopment, aiming to improve the local economy
• Social Deprivation


  When a person or area is deprived of services and amenities
• The population of Greater Manchester in 2019 was 2.6 million and is predicted to increase by 10% by 2030
• Demographic of Manchester's population

  Natural increase and migration from other cities of young people in their 20s & 30s for university and work
• Positive impacts of immigration in Manchester

  • Culture (food – curry mile), Festivals (Manchester Carnival – Afro)
• Negative impacts of immigration in Manchester

  • Language barrier, segregation of groups of people (e.g. Prestwich – Jewish and Asian – Longsight)