formulars for paper 1

• magnification = image size / actual size x 100
• mitotic index = number of cells in mitosis / total number of cells x 100
• pulmonary ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate
• cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
• 2^n = possible number of different combination of chromosones

  n is the number of homologous chromosone pairs
• index of diversity = N(N-1)/n(n-1)

  N= total number of organisms of all species

  n = total number of organisms of each species