Anatomy and physiology - paper 1

• The functions of the skeleton

  • Protection of vital organs
  • Structural shape & muscle attachment
  • Formation of joints for movement
  • Blood cell production
  • Store of minerals
• Cranium


  Protects the brain when heading
• Skeleton


  Provides support by providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach

  
• Bones


  Provide anchors for muscles to attach. Tendons attach muscle to bones. Muscles pull on bones to create movement

  
• Red blood cells


  Carry oxygen
• White blood cells


  Fight infection

  
• Platelets


  Clot blood
• Calcium and Phosphorus


  Stored in the bones to keep them strong
• Types of bones


  • Flat bones
  • Long bones
  • Short bones

  
• Flat bones


  • They are longer than they are wide. They enable gross movements by working as levers e.g. the humerus, tibia and ulna.
  • They usually protect organs or offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to. Flat bones protect us in sporting situations, e.g. the ribs protect our internal organs when getting tackled in rugby

  
• Short bones


  • They are as wide as they are long. In sport they allow finer controlled movements e.g. the tarsals (ankle) and carpals (wrist).
• Structure of a synovial joint

  • Synovial fluid
  • Synovial membrane
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsule
  • Ligament
  • Bursae

  
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates and reduces friction of the joint, supplies nutrients and removes waste products
• Synovial membrane


  Contains and releases synovial fluid
• Articular cartilage


  Prevent bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber
• Joint capsule


  Surrounds the synovial joint, protects and stabilises the joint
• Ligament


  Joins bone to bone, helps stabilise the joint
• Bursae


  Fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones reducing friction
• Types of freely movable joints

  • Hinge joint
  • Ball and socket joint
• Hinge joint


  Found at the elbow and knee and ankle, allows flexion and extension
• Ball and socket joint


  Found at the hip and shoulder, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation & circumduction

  
• Movement possibilities at joints

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Plantar flexion
  • Dorsi flexion
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction

  
• Flexion


  Bending movement (decreases angle)
• Extension


  Straightening movement (increase angle)
• Abduction


  Moving away from midline
• Adduction


  Moving towards the midline
• Plantar flexion


  Pointing the toes downwards
• Dorsi flexion


  Pointing the toes upwards
• Rotation


  Rotation around a joint or axis
• Circumduction


  Movement in the shape of a cone, flexion/extension abduction/adduction
• Antagonistic muscle pairs


  • Quadriceps & Hamstrings
  • Hip flexors & Gluteus Maximus
  • Gastrocnemius & Tibialis Anterior

  
• Upward phase of a bicep curl

  Biceps are contracting concentrically

  
• Downward phase of a bicep curl


  Biceps are contracting concentrically
• Voluntary muscles of the body
• Deltoid


  • Muscle on the upper arm and top of shoulder
  • Move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions

  
• Latissimus Dorsi


  • Back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm
  • Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

  
• Rotator Cuff


  • On the scapula in the shoulder
  • Rotation of the shoulder

  
• Pectoralis Major


  • Muscle covering the chest
  • Adducts the arm at the shoulder

  
• Abdominals


  • Side of the abdomen
  • Pulls the chest downwards Flexion of spinal column
• Biceps


  • Front of Upper Arm
  • Elbow flexion (bending)