Cells and Genetics

• What does the structure of DNA look like?

  DNA -> Chromosomes -> Nucleus
• What are the 4 Nucleotides?

  Adamine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• How are Proteins Formed?

  Nucleus created single sided copies of the DNA called RNA, which is processed though the ribosome to create amino acids, which then form together to make proteins
• What connects the Deoxyribose and Phosphate in a Nucleotide?

  Phosphodiester Bonds
• What connects the two nitrogenous bases together?

  Hydrogen Bonds
• What are the Phases of the Cell Cycle?

  Eukaryotic, Gap Phase 1, Synthesis, Gap Phase 2, Mitosis
• What is Interphase?


  Where the cell is for the majority of its life, Carries out functions, and prepares for Mitosis
• What is Gap Phase 1?


  Where the cell starts to grow and create new organelles
• Why is Gap Phase 1 important?

  Each daughter cell requires it's own set of organelles
• What is the Synthesis Phase?

  When the cell's DNA is unwound and duplicated by enzymes
• Why is Synthesis Important?

  Each Daughter cell requires it's own set of identical DNA
• What is Gap Phase 2?


  The cell develops centrioles
• Why is Gap Phase 2 Important?

  The organelles it creates are essential for cell division
• What is Mitosis?


  The cell's nucleus disappears, DNA forms into chromosomes, and spindle fibers draw the cell apart. Cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm
• What is the G0 Phase?


  When the cell has damaged DNA or not enough nutrients, it won't go through cell division
• What are the Stages of Mitosis?

  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• What happens during Prophase (Mitosis)?


  DNA Condenses into Chromosomes, Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite sides
• What happens during Metaphase (Mitosis)?


  Centrosomes (combines centrioles) form spindle fibers, chromosomes line up and attach to the spindle fiber by their chromatids
• What happens during Anaphase (Mitosis)?


  Spindle fibers contract, separating and pulling chromosomes to the poles of the cell
• What happens during Telophase (Mitosis)?

  Chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelope surrounds each group of chromosomes, cytokinesis occurs
• What is the purpose of Mitosis? 


  Allow organisms to grow and Repair damage to tissues
• What is the purpose of Meiosis?

  To produce gametes with only 23 chromosomes, and to create genetic diversity
• What are Homologous Chromosomes?

  When two chromosomes are the same size and contain the same types of genes
• What Happens during Prophase 1 (Meiosis)?

  Nuclear envelope breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs
• What happens during Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)?

  Spindle Fibers form, and Homologous pairs line up randomly in the middle
• What happens during Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)?

  Spindle Fibers contract, separating the homologous pairs and pulling chromosomes to the poles
• What happens during Telophase 1 (Meiosis)?

  Nuclear envelope forms, cytokinesis occurs, each cell is now haploid
• What does it mean for a cell to be Diploid?


  When it has 46 Chromosomes
• What does it mean for a cell to be Haploid?


  When it has 23 chromosomes
• What happens in Meiosis 2?

  The same process as Mitosis
• What is Crossing Over?


  When non-sister chromatids are in a homologous pair, they wrap around each other, causing tension on chromatids, making parts break off and swap places.
• What is independent assortment?


  The random alignment of homologous pairs, and the cause for the random combinations of alleles
• What does the diploid haploid assortment of chromosomes look like during Meiosis?

  Starting Cell (Sperm and Egg): 1 Diploid Cell

  After Meiosis 1: 2 Haploid Cells

  After Meiosis 2: 4 Haploid Cells
• What are sex-linked traits?


  Traits that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y).
• Why do sex-linked traits impact males more than females?

  X-chromosomes are carriers of sex-linked traits, and males only carry one X-chromosome, meaning that any trait present on that chromosome will be expressed, eg. colorblindness
• What is the CRISPR Process?

  CRISPR edits your genes by programming a CAS9 enzyme to swap out targeted genes.
• What term refers to the different forms of a gene?

  Allele