Unit 5

• True or False? During the middle and late childhood years, children grow taller, heavier, and stronger.

  • True
• The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent growth. (Fast or Slow?)
• Children develop a sense of wanting to make things- and not just to make them, but to make them well and even perfectly.
• Their parents continue to be important influences in their lives, but their growth also is shaped by peers and friends.
• They don't think much about the future or about the past, but they enjoy the present moment.
• Proportional changes are mong the most pronounced physical changes in middle and late childhood. Head circumference and wasit circumference decrease in relation to body height.
• In particular, the brain pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex, the highest level in the brain, continue to increase during middle and late childhood
• In particular, the brain pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex, the highest level in the brain, continue to increase during middle and late childhood
• During middle and late childhood, children’s motor skills become much smoother and more coordinated than they were in early childhood
• Increased myelination of the central nervous system is reflected in the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood.
• In gross motor skills involving large muscle activity, boys usually outperform girls. Girls usually outperform boys in their use of fine motor skills
• Researchers have found that aerobic exercise benefits children’s processing speed, attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking and behavior, and creativity
• A recent meta-analysis concluded that sustained physical activity programs were linked to improvements in children’s attention, executive function, and academic achievement
• True or False? Screen time is not linked with low activity, obesity, and worse sleep patterns in children.

  • False
• Parents and schools play important roles in determining children’s exercise levels
• A recent research review found that a higher level of screen time increased the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children (Higher or Lower)
• Screen time was associated with lower connectivity between brain regions, as well as lower levels of language skills and cognitive control
• Disease and death are less prevalent at this time than during other periods in childhood and in adolescence. (Middle and Late Childhood)
• Injuries are the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood, and the most common cause of severe injury and death in this period is motor vehicle accidents, either as a pedestrian or as a passenger
• An increasing number of studies document the importance of exercise in children’s physical development
• Injuries are the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood
• Being overweight is an increasingly prevalent health problem in children
• Heredity and environmental contexts are related to being overweight in childhood
• True or False? Overweight parents tend to have overweight children.

  • True
• In a recent Japanese study, the family pattern that was linked to the highest risk of overweight/obesity in children was a combination of irregular meal times and the most screen time for both parent
• Diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), and elevated blood cholesterol levels are common in children who are overweight
• Cardiovascular disease is uncommon in children.
• In a recent study, the combination of a larger waist circumference and a higher body mass index (BMI) placed children at higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease (Higher or Lower)
• A recent study found that high blood pressure in childhood was linked to high blood pressure and other heart abnormalities in adulthood
• A recent study found that high blood pressure in childhood was linked to high blood pressure and other heart abnormalities in adulthood
• All types of cancer are characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells
• The most common cancer in children is leukemia, a cancer in which bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making the child highly susceptible to bruising and infection
• A child with a learning disability has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling. It may also involve difficulty in doing mathematics
• Learning disabilities involve difficulty integrating information from multiple brain regions or subtle impairments in brain structures and functions
• To be classified as a learning disability, the learning problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
• True or False? About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability

  • True
• What are the three types of learning disabilities?

  • Dyslexia
  • Dysgraphia
  • Dyscalculia
• Dyslexia - is a category reserved for individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell
• Dysgraphia - is a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting. May write very slowly, their writing products may be virtually illegible, and they may make numerous spelling errors because of their inability to match sounds and letters
• Dyscalculia - also known as developmental arithmetic disorder, is a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation