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• Mechanical energy


  Energy that results from either the movement or location of an object
• Mechanical energy


  The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy
• Mechanical energy


  • A moving car has kinetic energy
  • A car moved up a mountain has kinetic and potential energy
  • A book sitting on a table has potential energy
• Thermal energy


  Energy that reflects the temperature difference between two systems
• Thermal energy


  • A cup of hot coffee has thermal energy
  • You produce heat and possess thermal energy in relation to your surroundings
• Nuclear energy


  Energy resulting from nuclear reactions or changes in the atomic nuclei
• Nuclear energy


  • Nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and nuclear decay
  • Atomic detonation or power from a nuclear plant
• Chemical energy


  Energy resulting from chemical reactions between atoms or molecules
• Chemical energy


  • An electrochemical cell or battery
• Electromagnetic energy


  Energy from light or electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic energy


  • Radio, gamma rays, x-rays, microwaves, and ultraviolet light
• Sonic energy


  The energy of sound waves
• Sonic energy


  • A sonic boom, a song played on a stereo, your voice
• Gravitational energy


  Energy associated with gravity and the attraction between two objects based on their mass
• Gravitational energy


  • Gravitational energy holds the atmosphere to the Earth
• Kinetic energy


  The energy of a body's motion
• Kinetic energy


  • A child swinging on a swing
• Potential energy


  The energy of an object's position
• Potential energy


  • When a child swinging on a swing reaches the top of the arc
  • Throwing a ball into the air
• Ionization energy


  The form of energy that binds electrons to the nucleus of an atom, ion, or molecule
• Ionization energy


  • The first ionization energy is the energy needed to remove one electron completely
  • The second ionization energy is the energy to remove a second electron and is greater than that required to remove the first electron
• Solar Eclipse


  When the Moon gets in the way of the Sun's light and casts its shadow on Earth, causing it to get dark during the day
• A total solar eclipse happens about every year and a half somewhere on Earth
• A partial solar eclipse, when the Moon doesn't completely cover the Sun, happens at least twice a year somewhere on Earth
• Getting a chance to see a total solar eclipse is rare
• The Moon's shadow on Earth isn't very big, so only a small portion of places on Earth will see it
• You have to be on the sunny side of the planet when a solar eclipse happens, and in the path of the Moon's shadow
• On average, the same spot on Earth only gets to see a solar eclipse for a few minutes about every 375 years
• Except during the brief total phase of a total solar eclipse, when the Moon completely blocks the Sun's bright face, it is not safe to look directly at the Sun without specialized eye protection for solar viewing
• Lunar Eclipse


  When Earth gets in the way of the Sun's light hitting the Moon, causing the Moon to fade away as Earth's shadow covers it up
• The Moon can also look reddish during a lunar eclipse because Earth's atmosphere absorbs the other colors while it bends some sunlight toward the Moon
• During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon is shining from all the sunrises and sunsets occurring on Earth
• The Moon's path around Earth is tilted compared to Earth's orbit around the Sun, which is why we don't have a lunar eclipse every month
• Unlike solar eclipses, lots of people get to see each lunar eclipse if they live on the nighttime half of Earth when the eclipse happens
• Remembering the difference between solar and lunar eclipses

  The name tells you what gets darker when the eclipse happens - in a solar eclipse, the Sun gets darker, in a lunar eclipse, the Moon gets darker
• Magnet


  A material or object that produces a magnetic field
• Magnetic field


  • Invisible
  • Responsible for pulling on ferromagnetic materials and attracting/repelling other magnets
• Permanent magnet


  An object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field
• Everyday example of permanent magnet

  • Refrigerator magnet
• Ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) materials


  Materials that can be magnetized and are strongly attracted to a magnet