memory

• memory


  encompasses retaining and utilizing information from past experiences in the present
• Encoding


  Transformation of sensory data into mental representation
• Storage


  Retention of encoded information
• Retrieval


  Accessing and utilizing stored information
• recall


  you produce a fact, a word, or other items from memory
• types of recall tasks

  • serial recall, free recall, cued recall
• Serial Recall


  Recall items in the exact order presented
• Free Recall


  Recall items in any order chosen by the participant
• Cued Recall (Paired-Associates Recall)


  Participants are shown items in pairs initially, but during recall, they are cued with only one member of each pair and asked to recall its mate
• recognition


  you select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously
• Relearning (Savings)


  Number of trials needed to relearn previously learned items
• Recognition Memory Tasks


  it is like tapping into receptive knowledge
• Receptive knowledge


  involves being responsive to a stimulus presented
• Recall Memory Tasks


  Recall-memory tasks require expressive knowledge
• Expressive knowledge


  involves producing an answer rather than just recognizing stimuli.
• types of knowledge in memory task

  receptive knowledge and expressive knowledge
• Explicit Memory


  Involves conscious recollection of information
• Implicit Memory


  Utilizes information from memory without conscious awareness
• Word-Completion Tasks


  participants are given a word fragment and asked to complete it with the first word that comes to mind.
• Priming Effect


  Priming enhances the ability to utilize missing information
• Subconscious Priming


  Priming can occur even when individuals are not consciously aware of having seen the word before.
• Procedural Memory


  refers to memory for processes or skills
• Implicit Memory Testing


  Procedural memory can be assessed through
• Procedural Memory Testing

  Rotary Pursuit Task and Mirror-Tracing Task
• Jacoby's process-dissociation model


  suggest that implicit and explicit memory both contribute to nearly every response. According to this model, a single task can measure both implicit and explicit memory processes.
• TWO CONTRASTING MODELS OF MEMORY

  Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-store Model and Levels of Processing Model
• William James


  distinguishing primary and secondary memory
• primary memory


  holds temporary information currently in use
• secondary information


  holds information permanently or at least for a very long time
• Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-store Model


  This model explains memory in terms of three distinct memory stores.
• Stores


  refer to the structures that hold information
• Memory


  refers to the "information" itself
• hypothetical constructs


  suggests that stores are concept that is not itself directly measurable or observable but that sense as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works
• three distinct memory stores

  sensory store, the short-term store, and the long-term store
• Sensory Store (also known as iconic store)


  capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for brief period
• iconic store(George Sperling)


  a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods
• icons


  visual images resembling the objects or concepts they represent.
• whole-report procedure


  participants report every symbol they have seen
• partial-report procedure


  participants need to report only part of what they see
• backward visual masking


  mental erasure of a stimulus caused by the placement of one stimulus where another one had previously appeared