encompasses retaining and utilizing information from past experiences in the present
Encoding
Transformation of sensory data into mental representation
Storage
Retention of encoded information
Retrieval
Accessing and utilizing stored information
recall
you produce a fact, a word, or other items from memory
types of recall tasks
serial recall, free recall, cued recall
Serial Recall
Recall items in the exact order presented
Free Recall
Recall items in any order chosen by the participant
Cued Recall (Paired-Associates Recall)
Participants are shown items in pairs initially, but during recall, they are cued with only one member of each pair and asked to recall its mate
recognition
you select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously
Relearning (Savings)
Number of trials needed to relearn previously learned items
Recognition Memory Tasks
it is like tapping into receptiveknowledge
Receptive knowledge
involves being responsive to a stimulus presented
Recall Memory Tasks
Recall-memory tasks require expressiveknowledge
Expressive knowledge
involves producing an answer rather than just recognizing stimuli.
types of knowledge in memory task
receptive knowledge and expressive knowledge
ExplicitMemory
Involves conscious recollection of information
ImplicitMemory
Utilizes information from memory without conscious awareness
Word-Completion Tasks
participants are given a word fragment and asked to complete it with the first word that comes to mind.
Priming Effect
Priming enhances the ability to utilize missing information
Subconscious Priming
Priming can occur even when individuals are not consciously aware of having seen the word before.
Procedural Memory
refers to memory for processes or skills
Implicit Memory Testing
Procedural memory can be assessed through
Procedural Memory Testing
RotaryPursuit Task and Mirror-Tracing Task
Jacoby'sprocess-dissociation model
suggest that implicit and explicit memory both contribute to nearly every response. According to this model, a single task can measure both implicit and explicit memory processes.
TWO CONTRASTING MODELS OF MEMORY
Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-store Model and Levels of Processing Model
William James
distinguishing primary and secondary memory
primary memory
holds temporary information currently in use
secondary information
holds information permanently or at least for a very long time
Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-store Model
This model explains memory in terms of three distinct memory stores.
Stores
refer to the structures that hold information
Memory
refers to the "information" itself
hypothetical constructs
suggests that stores are concept that is not itself directly measurable or observable but that sense as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works
three distinct memory stores
sensory store, the short-term store, and the long-term store
Sensory Store (also known as iconic store)
capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for brief period
iconic store(George Sperling)
a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods
icons
visual images resembling the objects or concepts they represent.
whole-report procedure
participants report every symbol they have seen
partial-report procedure
participants need to report only part of what they see
backward visual masking
mental erasure of a stimulus caused by the placement of one stimulus where another one had previously appeared