ANAPHY

• ANATOMY


  The study of body structure, includes size, shape, composition, coloration
• PHYSIOLOGY


  The study of how the body functions
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY


  The study of disorders of functioning and knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand
• Levels of Organization


  • Chemicals
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
• Inorganic chemicals


  Simple molecules made of 1 or 2 elements other than carbon
• Organic chemicals


  Complex, contain elements carbon and hydrogen
• Cell


  Smallest living units of structure and function
• Tissue


  Group of cells with similar structure and function
• Four Groups of Tissue

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissues
  • Muscle tissues
  • Nerve tissue
• Epithelial tissue


  Cover or line body surfaces; some are capable of producing secretions with specific functions
• Epithelial tissues


  • The outer layer of the skin and sweat glands
  • The walls of capillaries (squamous epithelium)
  • The kidney tubules (cuboidal epithelium)
• Connective tissues


  Connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials
• Connective tissues


  • Blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue
• Muscle tissues


  Specialized for contraction, which bring about movement
• Muscle tissues


  • Skeletal muscle and heart
  • Smooth muscle tissue (found in organs like urinary bladder and stomach)
• Nerve tissue


  Specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions
• Nerve tissue


  • Brain and optic nerves
• Organ


  Group of tissues arranged to accomplish specific functions
• Organs


  • Kidneys, individual bones, liver, lungs and stomach
• Organ System


  Group of organs that all contribute to a particular function
• Organ Systems


  • Urinary system, digestive system, and respiratory system
• Chemicals + Chemicals = CELL, Cell + Cell = TISSUES, Tissues + Tissue = ORGAN, Organ + Organ = ORGAN SYSTEM, Organ System + Organ System = TAO!
• Negative feedback mechanism


  The body's response reverses the stimulus (in effect, turning it off for a while) and keeps some aspect of the body metabolism within its normal range
• Positive feedback mechanisms


  The response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus, but instead keeps the sequence of events going
• Metabolism


  All of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body
• Metabolism


  • Growing, repairing, reacting, and reproducing—all the characteristics of life
  • Pumping of the heart, the digestion of food in the stomach, the diffusion of gases in the lungs and tissues
• Metabolic rate


  The speed at which the body produces energy and heat
• Homeostasis


  The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite many constant changes
• Changes that homeostasis responds to

  • Eating breakfast (internal change)
  • Rise in environmental temperature (external change)
• Dorsal cavity


  Lined with membranes called meninges; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities
• Cranial cavity


  Contains the brain
• Vertebral cavity


  Contains the spinal cord
• Ventral cavity


  The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; the pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity
• Thoracic cavity


  Contains the lungs and heart
• Pleural membranes


  Line the chest wall and cover the lungs
• Pericardial membranes


  Surround the heart
• Abdominal cavity


  Contains many organs including the stomach, liver, and intestines
• Peritoneum


  Lines the abdominal cavity; the mesentery covers the abdominal organs
• Pelvic cavity


  Contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
• Planes


  • Frontal or coronal
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Cross
  • Longitudinal