Science ✨

• Digestive System


  Digestion, nutrition, and excretion
• Mechanical Digestion


  • Chewing
  • Grinding
  • Mixing food
• Chemical Digestion


  • Use of enzymes
  • Use of gastric juices to breakdown food
• Gastro-Intestinal Tract


  Alimentary Canal
• Mouth


  • Ingestion
  • Mastication
  • Chewing
• Tongue


  • Taste and speech
• Teeth


  • Cutting down food
• Epiglottis


  • Temporarily closes the windpipe while swallowing the bolus
• Esophagus


  • 25 cm; NO DIGESTION
• Stomach


  • J-shaped, can hold 2 liters of food for 4-6 hours; chyme
• Small Intestines


  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• Small Intestines


  Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
• Large Intestine


  • The colon
  • Undigested food
  • Vitamins and water
  • ELIMINATION
• Appendix


  • Vestigial organ, growth of gut flora, appendicitis (swollen and inflamed)
• Liver


  • Largest glandular organ, bile
• Pancreas


  • Produces insulin to regulate the blood sugar
• Salivary Glands


  • Produces saliva to break down starch and sugars using amylase
• Rectum


  • Sends signal to the brain for defecation
• Anus


  • Defecation
• Cells


  Basic unit of life; all organisms are made of cells; contain the genetic material in the nucleus; cells do come from pre-existing cells
• Nucleus


  • Membrane-bound organelle contains the chromosomes
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Chromosomes


  • Colored bodies; protein structures; blueprint of life; ensures a copy of the genetic instructions
• Chromosome pairs


  • 22 pairs - Somatic chromosomes
  • 1 pair - Gametic chromosomes
• Cell Cycle


  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
• Interphase


  • G1
  • S
  • G2
• Mitosis


  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
• Mitosis


  Body cells, 2 daughter cells
• Meiosis


  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Cytokinesis
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
  • Cytokinesis II
• Meiosis


  Sex cells, 4 daughter cells
• Chromosomes


  XX - female; XY - male
• Gamete production


  • Spermatogenesis - Sperm cells
  • Oogenesis - Ova/Egg cells
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  Father of Modern Genetics; Pisum sativum
• Genetics


  Study of the passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Alleles

  • Dominant - Stronger
  • Recessive - Weaker
• Genotypes


  • Homozygous - same letters (ex: HH)
  • Heterozygous - different letters (Hh)
• Incomplete Dominance


  Both alleles are partially expressed
• Codominance


  Both alleles are distinctly expressed
• Punnett Square


  Used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
• Ecosystems


  Living organisms + non-living things