transportation

• Main functions of the transportation sector

  • Policy Formulation / Strategic Planning
  • Infrastructure Development
  • Carrier Service Operations
  • Regulation of Carrier Service Operations
• Policy Formulation / Strategic Planning


  Government lead agency in transportation promulgates a transportation policy for the whole sector, consisting of general statements on the main courses of action to be undertaken by each group to achieve the objectives of the sector, guided by the desired characteristics. Strategies are also prescribed as to how the policy statements can be achieved.
• Carrier Service Operations


  Public transport carrier services offered for use by the general public, with a user's fee charged. Operators are generally private entities.
• Types of carrier service regulations

  • Economic regulation
  • Safety regulation
  • Traffic regulation
• Economic Regulation


  Government regulation on public transport carrier services, including regulating the level of supply (through public transport franchising) and price or fare
• Safety Regulation


  Government regulation to ensure safety of carrier services, including regulating carrier worthiness (through carrier registration system) and carrier crew competence (through crew licensing system)
• Traffic Regulation


  Government regulation to manage the movement of carriers along the travel paths, to ensure smooth flow of traffic and safety to road users
• Desired characteristics of the transportation system (CARES)

  • Comfortable and convenient
  • Adequate
  • Reliable
  • Economical and environment friendly
  • Safe and secure
• Comfortable


  Sufficient space to accommodate people in a carrier, in a terminal, or vehicles in a road, to provide physical well-being or comfort to the users
• Convenient


  Facilities and services should be accessible, i.e., easy to reach or easy to use, e.g., easy transfer facilities from one mode to another, easy boarding / alighting
• Adequate


  The level of supply of facilities and services should match the demand. The location of these facilities as well as the carrier routes should be demand-based. The physical attribute of facilities and the number of carriers serving routes should also be demand-based.
• Reliable


  The level of service of carriers should provide acceptable / appropriate waiting time for passengers. The speed of carriers travelling along travel paths should be reasonable enough to minimize travel time delay. On time services characterize reliability to passengers.
• Economical


  The provision of facilities and services should support socio-economic development programs of the government. Operation of facilities and services should be economically viable. Transport user charges, such as fares, shall both be affordable to users and reasonably profitable to operators.
• Environment friendly


  Operation of carrier services should not harm the environment i.e., vehicles and other carrier modes with environmentally acceptable air and noise pollution level.
• Safe


  Facilities and services should have the necessary safety measures to avoid accidents. For example, road facilities should be designed and constructed properly to provide safe travel paths and corresponding traffic signs and signals to guide motorists. Motor vehicles should pass safety inspection and drivers should pass licensing examinations.
• Secure


  Users of services and facilities should be protected from harm due to illegal intervention of people. Security inspection is needed, if possible, or security consciousness shall be promoted.
• Transportation modes

  • Land
  • Water
  • Air
• Air Transportation


  • One of the most important transportation modes in tourism
• Air transport

  • The fastest mode of travel
  • Airlines can be considered as 'flying hotels' with intense competition leading to continuous innovations in flight conveniences and amenities
• Airliner industry


  • Comprises passenger air transportation, including both scheduled and chartered, but excludes air freight transport.
• Aviation industry


  Encompasses the aerospace industry, aviation organizations, and air transportation
• Components of the aviation industry

  • Aerospace industry
  • Aviation organizations
  • Air transportation
• Aerospace industry


  Encompasses all of the economic, organizational and technical air transport facilities required for the manufacture (for example, airframe and turbines) and delivery of aircraft, as well as infrastructure such as airports and air traffic control facilities
• Aviation organizations


  Consist of all institutions that constitute the legal and transactional framework necessary for the realization of air transportation and the production of the aerospace industry
• Air transportation


  Includes all processes which encompass the transportation of persons or objects by air, including any direct or indirect services
• Aircraft


  Any machine capable of flying by means of buoyancy or aerodynamic forces, such as a glider, helicopter or aeroplane
• Passenger aircraft


  An aircraft configured for the transport of passengers and their baggage. Any freight, including mail, is generally carried in cargo holds in the belly of the aircraft.
• Airline

  An aviation enterprise operating aircraft for commercial purposes which (i) performs scheduled or non-scheduled air transport services, or both, which are available to the public for carriage of passengers, mail and/or cargo and (ii) is certified for such purposes by the civil aviation authority of the state in which it is established.
• Commercial air flight


  An air transport flight performed for the public transport of passengers and/or freight and mail, for remuneration and for hire.
• Domestic flight


  A flight having exclusively domestic flight stages.
• International flight


  A flight having one or more international flight stages.
• Transport infrastructure


  Includes the material conditions such as routes (e.g. roads, tracks, etc.), means (e.g. vehicles), control systems (traffic control), handling facilities (bus, train or plane terminals), and transfer facilities.

  
• Mode of transport


  Refers to the environment in which the transport takes place: air, ground or water based transport. All vehicles which utilize the same environment belong to the same transport mode.
• Transportation routes


  Utilized by the transportation means.
• International Air Law became essential as commercial aviation grew, as an international code of regulations was needed
• The Paris Agreement of 1919 and the Chicago Convention of 1944 established the principle that every state has unrestricted sovereignty over its airspace
• The Chicago Convention differentiates between scheduled airline traffic and unscheduled traffic
• The Open Skies Agreement between the USA and the EU took effect on 30 March 2008, allowing European airlines to fly from any point in the EU to any point in the USA, and vice versa
• First Freedom


  A carrier may fly over the territory of another nation without landing.
• Second Freedom


  A carrier may land in another nation for non-traffic related purposes, i.e., crew change or refueling.