CELL BIOLOGY

• Cell


  Basic unit of structure and function in organisms
• Characteristics of cell theory

  • All living organisms and their anatomical parts are made of cells
  • All functions necessary for the survival of an organisms are ultimately performed by cells
  • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
  • Unicellular: made of one cell
  • Multicellular: made of more than one cell
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • All cells have the same chemical composition and metabolic activities
  • All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside cells
  • The cell contains hereditary information which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division
  • Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures
• Prokaryote


  Organism without a membrane-enclosed nucleus
• Eukaryote


  Organism with a membrane-enclosed nucleus
• Cell anatomy

  • Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear Pore
  • Mitochondrion
  • Lysosome
  • ER
  • Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
  • Ribosome
  • Vacuole
  • Centriole
• Cell wall


  Rigid membrane for additional support and structure (found in plants and some other organisms)
• Organelles for locomotion and other functions

  • Flagellum
  • Cilia
  • Pili
• Active transport


  Transfer of substances across a membrane, usually done with pumps, requires energy in the form of ATP
• Passive transport


  Natural movement of substances, follows the flow of the gradient, does not require energy
• Diffusion


  Movement of dissolved material (solutes) from high concentration to low concentration areas
• Facilitated diffusion


  Movement of solute that is carried by another solute / carrier proteins
• Osmosis


  Movement of water from low concentration to high concentration areas
• Tonicity of solutions

  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
• Cell division (cell cycle)

  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Meiosis has the same stages as mitosis but Prophase 1 is divided into Leptonema, Zygonema, Pachynema, Diplonema, and Diakinesis
• Cell Anatomy

  • Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear Pore
  • Mitochondrion
  • Lysosome
  • ER
  • Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
  • Ribosome
  • Vacuole
  • Centriole
• Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane


  Semi permeable membrane enclosing the cell, separating the internal environment from the outside and serving as the location of chemical exchange for many life functions; made up of a phospholipid bilayer
• Cytoplasm


  Internal environment of the cell; contains all of the internal organelles and the fluid medium they are suspended in
• Nucleus


  Central storage of genetic material of the cell
• Nuclear Membrane


  Enclosure for the nucleus that serves as additional protection for its contents
• Nucleoplasm


  Environment within the nucleus
• Nucleolus


  An area within the nucleoplasm where genetic materials are concentrated
• Nuclear Pore


  Channels materials in and out of the nucleus
• Mitochondrion


  Considered as the "powerhouse" of the cell; produces energy for use of the organism
• Lysosome


  Site for internal digestion of food chemicals
• ER


  Site of lipid and protein synthesis
• Golgi Bodies/Apparatus


  Site for modification, sorting and storing of proteins
• Ribosome


  Necessary organelle for protein synthesis
• Vacuole


  Storage site for food and other chemicals; can be used for other purposes
• Centriole


  Accessory organelle for cell division
• Cellular Parts Only Present in Plants and Some Other Organisms

  • Cell Wall
  • Plastids
  • Chloroplasts
  • Chromoplast
  • Amyloplast
• Cell Wall


  Rigid membrane for additional support and structure
• Plastids


  Specialized organelles that perform specific special functions
• Chloroplasts


  Responsible for performing photosynthesis; usually contains chlorophyll, a green pigment
• Chromoplast


  Enhances reproduction and propagation of plants
• Amyloplast


  Storage of starch and sugar; usually colorless
• Organelles for Locomotion and Other Functions

  • Flagellum
  • Cilia
  • Pili
• Flagellum


  Tail-like structure used for propulsion
• Cilia


  Hair-like structure used for motion
• Pili


  Hair-like structure used for directing materials to a specific location on the cell; also used in bacterial reproduction ("sex pilus")