MATTER

• Chemistry


  The study of matter- its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes
• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Mass


  The amount of matter contained in an object
• Volume


  The amount of space occupied by matter
• States of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid

  • Compact
  • Definite shape and volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low temperature
• Liquid

  • Compact to slightly spaced
  • Indefinite shape but definite volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low to high temperature
• Gas

  • Spaced apart
  • Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
  • Compressible
  • Usually have high temperature
• Intensive properties

  • Boiling, Freezing, Melting Points
  • Density
  • Buoyancy
  • Ductility
  • Malleability
  • Elasticity
  • Viscosity
• Extensive properties

  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Energy
  • Entropy
  • Electrical Charge
• Density


  Mass per unit volume
• Specific gravity


  Ratio of the density of a sample and the density of a reference substance (usually water)
• Classification of matter

  • Mixtures
  • Pure substances
• Pure substances


  Made of only one kind of substance and has constant properties and composition; cannot be physically separated
• Elements

  • Metals
  • Non-metals
  • Metalloids
• Metals


  • Small number of valence electrons; donate electrons during ionic bonding; form cations when ionized
• Non-metals


  • Number of valence electrons close to completing the octet rule; accept electrons during ionic bonding; form anions when ionized; properties opposite to metals
• Metalloids


  • Have physical properties of both metals and non-metals; can act as a metal or a non-metal depending on the conditions
• Compounds


  Made up of only one type of molecule (two or more atoms that are chemically bonded); composed of two or more elements, can be separated into simpler substances and elements by chemical methods only
• Types of compounds

  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
• Law of Definite Proportions - regardless of amount, a pure compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass
• Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton's Law) - when one element combines with another to form one compound, the mass ratios of the elements in the compound are simple whole numbers of each other
• Mixtures


  Made up of two or more different kinds of pure substances; individual properties are retained and can be separated by physical methods
• Homogenous mixtures


  Mixtures wherein only one phase is discernible; with uniform composition and properties throughout, commonly called "solutions"; can be separated into their component substances by physical processes, such as distillation and crystallization
• Measures of concentration

  • Molarity
  • Molality
  • Mass percent
  • Volume percent
  • Mole fraction
• Other States Of Matter:

  • Plasma
  • Quark-Gluon Plasma
  • Superfluids
  • Quantum Liquid Spin
  • Bose-Einstein
  • Condensate
  • Superionic Ice
  • Degenerate State
• Plasma


  Gases made of ionized particles
• Quark-Gluon Plasma


  Highly energetic fundamental particles moving at speed of light
• Superfluid


  Fluids at extremely low temperature and exhibit frictionless flow
• Quantum Liquid Spin


  Particles at close to absolute zero temperature exhibiting fluctuating electron spins
• Bose-Einstein Condensate


  Particles at close to absolute zero temperature causing the atoms to combine together
• Superionic Ice


  Water at extremely high pressure and temperature causing it to exist as both solid oxygen crystals and liquid hydrogen at the same time
• Degenerate State


  At extremely high pressures, the nuclei of atoms clump together and their electrons accelerate to speed of light producing high amounts of energy
• Phase Changes

  • Solid to Gas (Sublimation)
  • Solid to Liquid (Melting)
  • Liquid to Gas (Evaporation)
  • Liquid to Solid (Freezing)
  • Gas to Solid (Deposition)
  • Gas to Liquid (Condensation)
• Intensive Properties


  Properties that do NOT depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• Extensive Properties


  Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• Boiling, Freezing, Melting Points


  Condition at which matter changes from one phase to another
• Density


  Mass per unit volume
• Bouyancy


  Ability to float
• Ductility


  Ability to drown out unto wires