p6 finals

• electromagnetic waves 


  produced by the oscillation of chargers (electric and magnetic field)
• electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequencies and wavelengths
• electromagnetic spectrum


  describes the entire range of electromagnetic radiation arranged in order of frequencies or wavelengths
• magnetic field


  vibrates horizontally
• electric field


  vibrates vertically
• radio waves


  longest wavelength
• what is the speed of electromagnetic spectrum in a vacuum that is same with the speed of light?


  3 x 10^8 m/s
• optical density


  ability of material to transit light through it
• optics


  study of light and its properties
• optics is categorized into two, geometric optics and wave optics
• two major aspect of geometric optics are reflection and refraction
• reflection of light


  turning back of light to the original medium
• 3 laws of reflection of light

  incident ray, reflected ray, normal line
• 2 classification of reflection light

  • specular and diffuse
• specular reflection


  reflection from smooth surfaces, example: mirror
• diffuse reflection


  rough surfaces, example walls of a room
• total internal reflection


  complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium
• Reflected Ray


  The light beam that bounces off the surface.
• Incident Ray


  The light beam that hits the surface.
• Angle of Incidence equals Angle of Reflection


  A law stating that the angle at which light hits a surface is equal to the angle at which it bounces off.
• Snell's Law


  The ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence to the ratio of the refractive indices of two media is equal to the ratio of the sines of the angle of refraction.
• mirror


  any smooth reflecting surface which is capable of producing images
• Plane Mirror


  A flat mirror with a smooth, curved surface that reflects light in a way that appears to come from the reflected image.
• Concave Mirror


  A mirror that is curved inward, making it converge light rays and form a real image.
• Convex Mirror


  A mirror that is curved outward, making it diverge light rays and form a virtual image.
• `Plane Mirror


  Real, same size and shape, flipped left-to-right, no magnification, erect, at Infinity
• Properties of electromagnetic spectrum


  • Speed c
  • Speed c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
• Radio waves have the longest wavelength
• Index of refraction n = c/v
• Speed of light is n times slower in a glass than a vacuum
• Speed of light in a vacuum = 3 x 10^8 m/s
• Principal axis or optical axis


  A straight line joining C and V
• Concave mirrors


  Converging mirrors
• Convex mirrors


  Diverging mirrors