Lecture ANAPHY

• Circulatory System

  Includes the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands
• Functions of the Circulatory System


  • Distributing blood throughout the body
  • Removing wastes
  • Mounting immune responses to infection
  • Aiding in regulating body temperature
• Blood

  Provides organs, tissues and cells with oxygen, nutrients, gasses, hormones, and antibodies, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
• Lymphatic System


  Responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection
• Heart


  A muscle divided into the left and right side, each made up of an atrium and a ventricle
• Blood Flow through the Heart

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, passes through the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs

  2. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle, and is pumped to the rest of the body
• Types of Blood Vessels


  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
• Arteries


  • Carry blood away from the heart
• Arterioles


  • Small arterial branches that deliver blood to capillaries
• Veins


  • Convey blood from tissues back to the heart
• Venules


  • Small veins that collect blood from capillaries and deliver it to a vein
• Capillaries


  • Smallest blood vessels, involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients and gases to cells and the removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
• Circulation Systems


  • Pulmonary System
  • Systemic System
• Components of Blood


  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
  • Plasma
• Red Blood Cells


  Most numerous, contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen and aids in removing carbon dioxide
• White Blood Cells


  Responsible for the body's immune response, including granulocytes and agranulocytes (lymphoid cells)
• Platelets


  Fragments of cytoplasm that play a role in clotting
• Plasma


  Yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels, 90% water
• Lymphatic System Components


  • Lymph vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymph organs
  • Lymph tissue within the intestinal wall
• Lymphatic System


  Maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body's immune system
• Digestive System Components


  • Mouth
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
• Stages of Digestion


  • Biting
  • Chewing
  • Swallowing and mixing of food
  • Digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • Excretion of waste
• Digestion


  The chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that can pass across the intestinal wall
• Absorption


  The passage of molecules across the intestinal wall into the blood or lymph system
• Types of Animals by Diet

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
• Nutrients in Food


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins and minerals
• Carbohydrates


  Polysaccharides made up of multiple monosaccharides, including starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and glycogen
• Enzymes


  Break down specific polysaccharides, named after the polysaccharide they break down (e.g. amylase, cellulase, sucrase)
• Proteins


  Animals must obtain amino acids from their diet to synthesize protein, broken down by proteases and peptidases
• Types of Lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Waxes
• Triglycerides


  Made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules, broken down by lipases
• Types of Digestive Systems

  • Ruminants
  • Monogastrics
  • Hindgut
• Ruminants


  Have four stomachs: rumen, reticulum, abomasum, and omasum
• Rumen


  • Largest chamber of the ruminant stomach, contains microbes that digest the food, produces methane gas
• Monogastrics


  Have a single glandular stomach, similar to the human digestive system
• Hindgut Fermenters


  Have a larger than normal cecum or hindgut, require microbes to break down cellulose
• Components of the Digestive System

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Non-ruminant Stomach
  • Ruminant Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Accessory digestive organs
• Mouth


  Tongue and lips select food, chewing physically breaks down food, saliva provides lubrication and enzymes
• Esophagus


  Tube-like tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach, food moves via peristalsis
• Non-ruminant Stomach


  Storage chamber that holds food particles, breakdown of food by enzymes continues