Mrs Ali's test - Revision

• Define:

  Enzyme - A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions

  Denature - When an enzymes active site changes shape so the substrate can't bind(the enzyme stops working)

  Specialised cell - a cell with a specific function, used for one thing
• Label the plant tissues:

  A) Upper Epidermis

  B) Wax Cuticle

  C) Palisade Mesophyll

  D) Mesophyll

  E) Air Space

  F) Spongy Mesophyll

  G) Wax Cuticle

  H) Lower Epidermis

  I) Guard Cell with Chloroplasts

  J) Stoma

  
• Give the functions of each plant tissue: (1/2)

  Upper Epidermis - translucent to let light through

  Waxy Cuticle -  a thin, transparent layer covering the surface of leaves. Reduces water loss.

  Palisade Mesophyll - has lots of chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Near the top = more light

  Spongy Mesophyll - has little holes like a sponge for space for gas exchange.
• Give the functions of each plant tissue: (2/2)

  Lower Epidermis - Guard cells open stomata

  Stomata - Air holes that let gases diffuse in and out of the leaf.

  Guard cells - Open and close to prevent water loss + allows carbon dioxide in.

  Xylem - transports water and minerals (transpiration)

  Phloem - transports dissolved sugars (translocation)
• Define limiting factors and state the 4 limiting factors for photosynthesis+ transpiration:

  Limiting factors - factors that slow down the process

  Photosynthesis:

  1. Carbon dioxide concentration
  2. Amount of chloroplasts
  3. Temperature
  4. Light Intensity

  Transpiration:

  1. Light Intensity
  2. Temperature
  3. Air flow
  4. Humidity
• Compare the 3 blood vessels:

  Vein:

  1. Large lumen
  2. Thin muscle & elastic walls
  3. Contains valves

  Capillary:

  1. One cell wide
  2. Thin for rapid diffusion

  Artery:

  1. Small lumen
  2. Thick muscle and elastic walls
• Organise the structural units of life from biggest to smallest:

  1. Cell
  2. Tissue
  3. Organ
  4. Organ System
  5. Organism
• What are the functions of:

  1. Amylase (carbohydrase) - breaks down starch into glucose
  2. Protease - breaks down proteins into amino acids
  3. Lipase - breaks down lipids into fatty acids + glycerol
• Label the heart

  A) Vena Cava

  B) Pulmonary artery

  C) Aorta

  D) Pulmonary vein

  E) Right atrium

  F) Right ventricle

  G) Left atrium

  H) Left ventricle

  
• Which side of the heart has more muscle and why?

  The left side has more muscle because it pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• Food tests practical's

  A) Iodine solution

  B) Benedict's solution

  C) Positive: blue/black Negative: Orange/brown

  D) Positive: green(little), red(lots) Negative: Blue

  E) Biuret solution

  F) Positive: Lilac Negative: Blue

  G) Ethanol

  H) Positive: Cloudy Negative:Colourless

  
• Name the components of the blood and their functions:

  Red blood cells - carries oxygen.

  White blood cells - fight pathogens.

  Platelets - Forms blood clots to stop blood from getting out and pathogens getting in.

  Plasma - transports dissolved substances e.g. glucose.
• Define:

  Fermentation - Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms (glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide). Used to help bread rise and making alcohol to drink.

  Metabolism - The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

  Transpiration - When water is lost by evaporation from plant.
• Label an animal cell

  A) Ribosome

  B) Nucleus

  C) Cell membrane

  D) Cytoplasm

  E) Mitochondria

  
• State the functions of:

  1. Nucleus - Controls all cell activities and stores DNA
  2. Cell membrane - Controls movement of substances in and out.
  3. Cytoplasm - Where chemical reactions take place.
  4. Mitochondria - Where energy is released from respiration
  5. Ribosome - Synthesise proteins
• Label the differences in plant cells

  A) Chloroplast

  B) Vacuole

  C) Cell wall

  
• State the functions of the 3 sub-cellular structures only found in a plant cell:

  1. Chloroplast - where photosynthesis occurs
  2. Vacuole - contains cell sap, provides structure + support
  3. Cell wall - provides structure for the cell.
• Label the digestive system

  A) Mouth

  B) Oesophagus

  C) Liver

  D) Gall bladder

  E) Stomach

  F) Pancreas

  G) Small intestine

  H) Large intestine

  
• Give examples of specialised cells and state their function and adaptations

  Sperm Cell - carry male DNA to egg cell, has a tail to swim.

  Red blood cell - carries oxygen, has a biconcave shape to increase surface area. No nucleus to carry more oxygen (prokaryotic).

  Nerve cell - Send electrical signals to the body, have long branches to connect to other nerve cells.

  Root hair cell - absorbs water + minerals from soil, have large surface area.
• State the 5 uses of glucose

  1. Respiration.
  2. Stored as insoluble starch (does not dissolve).
  3. Used to make amino acids to make protein.
  4. Stored as fats and oils in seeds.
  5. Used to produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls.
• Explain what happens to your breathing rate and heart rate during exercise?

  Both increase as they need more oxygen in the body to release more energy through aerobic respiration
• How do you complete a practical for photosynthesis?

  1. Set up your equipment
  2. After one minute, count the amount of bubbles and record it in your table
  3. Move the light 10 cm further back
  4. Leave for another minute and count the amount of bubbles, then record results in your table again.
  5. Repeat these steps by moving the lamp in 10cm intervals until it reaches 50 cm
  6. Control the temperature by using an LED lightbulb
• Give examples of metabolic reactions

  1. Respiration
  2. Converting glucose to glycogen
  3. Making proteins from amino acids
  4. Forming lipids from fatty acids and glycerol
• What is the difference between complete & incomplete combustion. What are the word equations for both?

  Complete - with oxygen, hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

  Incomplete - with no oxygen or very little of it, hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water
• State the piece of equipment used to measure the dimensions of a regular object

  Solid - Ruler, micrometre or vernier callipers

  Liquid - Measuring cylinders

  Gas - Syringe for gases
• State the 8 energy stores

  Thermal , Kinetic , Chemical , Gravitational potential , Elastic , Magnetic , Electrostatic , Nuclear
• State the word and the symbol equation to calculate gravitational potential energy.

  Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height (Ep = mgh)
• State the word and the symbol equation to calculate kinetic energy.


  Kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2
• State the word equation to calculate specific heat capacity.

  Heat energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change.
• State the word equation to calculate elastic potential energy.

  Ee = 0.5 x spring constant (N/m) x string stretch length in m ^2
• What is meant by dissipated?

  When energy is transferred to a less useful energy store. Described as 'wasted' energy.
• State the equation for efficiency in terms of power and energy.

  Power:

  Efficiency = useful power output / total power input

  Energy:

  Efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
• State examples of renewable + non-renewable energy sources

  Renewable: Non-renewable:

  Solar Coal

  Geothermal Oil

  Wind Natural gas

  Hydroelectric Nuclear

  Wave

  Tidal

  Biofuels
• Define:

  1. Conduction
  2. Convection
  3. Insulation
  4. Lubricant

  1.When a solid is heated.

  2. A method of energy transfer by heating liquids and gases

  3. Reduces the amount of heat lost in a home e.g. thick walls, loft insulation and cavity walls

  4. A substance that can move easily between 2 objects.
• State the 4 ways that energy can be transferred

  1. Mechanically
  2. Electrically
  3. Heating
  4. Radiation
• State the equation for power

  Power = energy / time

  (watts) (joules) (seconds)
• What factors can affect the rate of metabolism?

  Genetics, age, gender, diet, and physical activity.
• What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis? Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and the amount of chloroplasts.
• What is photosynthesis?

  A process where green plants and certain other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.
• What is respiration?

  Respiration is the release of energy from glucose