Biology-organisation

• What is the level of organisation in animals?

  - Cells

  - Tissues

  - Organs

  - Organ Systems

  - Organisms
• Digestion


  The breakdown of insoluble pieces of food into smaller soluble pieces that can diffuse in the blood.
• What organ system is responsible for digestion?

  The Digestive System
• What are the parts of the digestive system?

  - Salivary Glands

  - Oesophagus

  - Stomach

  - Liver

  - Gall Bladder

  - Pancreas

  - Small Intestine

  - Large Intestine

  - Anus
• Enzyme


  A biological molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction. It is called a catalyst for this reason.
• What do your salivary glands produce?

  Saliva
• What enzyme does your saliva contain?

  Amylase
• What does amylase do?

  As a carbohydrase it breaks down starch (a carbohydrate) into simple sugar (glucose).
• What is the function of the Oseophagus?


  To move food quickly and easily from the mouth to the stomach.
• What enzyme does the stomach release?

  Protease
• What does protease do?


  Breaks down protein into amino acis
• What acid does the stomach contain?

  Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• What is the pH of the stomach?

  Around 2 to 3
• What is also another function of the stomach aside of digestion?

  It is part of the first line of defense of the immune system.
• Pathogen


  A disease-causing microorganism (e.g. a bacterium or fungus).
• Bile


  A green-coloured liquid produced by your liver, stored by your gall bladder and released into your small intestine to help break down fats.
• What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

  To produce bile and store it in the gall bladder. Food does not pass through the liver during digestion.
• What 3 types of enzymes are produced in the pancreas?

  - Carbohydrase

  - Protease

  - Lipase
• What do lipase enyzems break down?

  They breakdown lipids. into 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol
• Lipids


  Fats or oils, which are insoluble in water.
• What is the small intestine responsible for?

  Absorbing the products of digestion into the blood.
• How is the small intestine adapted for its function?

  It is folded and has Villi
• What are Villi?


  Small microscopic finger like projections in the lining of the small intestine.
• Why does the small intestine have Villi?

  To increase its surface area to allow more digested food to enter your blood stream.
• What is the main job of the large intestine?

  It is responsible for absorbing water and salt from the remaining digested food.
• What enters the large intestine?

  Indigestible fibre.
• What does the anus do?

  It is the opening at the end of the digestive system and controls when you need to go to the toilet to remove solid waste.
• Substrate


  The molecule or molecules on which an enzyme acts.
• Product


  The substance or substances produced by an enzyme reaction.
• What are the 3 different types of substrates?

  - Carbohydrate

  - Proteins

  - Lipids
• What is the product of the substrate 'Carbohydrate'?

  Sugars
• What is the product of the substrate 'Proteins'?

  Amino Acids
• What is the product of the substrate 'Lipids'?

  Fatty Acids (3 molecules) and Glycerol (1 molecule)
• Emulsification


  Helps the process of breaking down larger globules (e.g. of fat) into tiny droplets.
• What is an emulsifier?


  A substance that does the process of emulsification.
• What is bile?


  An emulsifier.
• What does bile actually do?

  It increases the surface area of the fate for the lipase enzymes to digest the fat more quickly.
• Is bile alkaline or acidic?

  Alkaline
• Why is it useful for bile to be alkaline?

  It neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach in order to make sure the enzymes in the small intestines work at their optimum.
• Lock and Key Hypothesis


  A model that explains the action of enzymes.