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• Big Five personality traits

  Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
• Big Five personality traits

  • Widely accepted in the psychological community for its robustness and empirical support
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

  A popular personality assessment tool used in many organizational settings
• The MBTI has faced significant criticism regarding its reliability, internal consistency, and validity
• Participant demand


  Happens when participants realize they are part of an experiment and change their behavior to try to help the researcher or to fit what they think the researcher expects
• Participant demand can make the results less accurate because the behavior is not natural
• Expectancy bias


  Also known as observer-expectancy effect, occurs when a researcher's expectations or beliefs about the outcome of a study inadvertently influence the participants' behaviour or the researcher's interpretation of the data
• Expectancy bias can skew the results, leading to inaccurate or unreliable conclusions
• Rational decision


  A decision that is rational (system 2)
• Confound


  A hidden factor that can mess up the results of an experiment, making it hard to know what is really causing the observed effect
• Bounded rationality


  The idea that people make decisions that are good enough given their cognitive limitations, the information they have, and the time constraints they are under. Instead of always seeking the optimal solution, they settle for a satisfactory one that meets their needs within these constraints
• Heuristics


  Simplifying strategies, mental shortcuts
• System 1


  Homer Simpson
• System 2


  Captain Sparks
• Cognitive limitations


  • Constraints on human thinking and information processing capabilities that affect how people perceive, remember, reason, and make decisions
• Intuition


  The ability to understand or know something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning. It is often described as a "gut feeling" or an instinctive response
• Reasoning


  The action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way
• Biases


  The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence the judgment of even very talented human beings
• Bounded awareness


  The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information that is available to us
• Bounded ethicality


  The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves
• Bounded self-interest


  The systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others
• Bounded willpower


  The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns rather than future concerns
• Opt-in


  A system where individuals must actively choose to participate (e.g. checking a box to join an organ donation program)
• Opt-out


  A system where individuals are automatically included unless they actively choose not to participate (e.g, checking a box to not join an organ donation program)
• Common sense approach


  Using everyday knowledge, practical reasoning, and sound judgment that is generally accepted by the majority of people. It involves making decisions and solving problems based on straightforward, simple, and practical thinking rather than relying on specialized knowledge or complex theories
• Nudging


  In psychology, subtly guiding people's behavior and decisions by altering the way choices are presented, without limiting their freedom of choice
• Evidence-based practice


  • Applying the scientific method and critical thinking
• Endowment effect


  People ascribe more value to things merely because they own them
• Freudian slipsParapraxis

  Also known as parapraxis, refer to unintentional errors in speech, memory, or actions that are believed to reveal unconscious thoughts or desires
• Trait and temperament view

  Differences among people arise from differences in persistent characteristics and internal dispositions called traits and temperaments, which are consistent over time and across situations
• Humanistic view in psychology

  • Emphasizes the positive aspects of human nature, the importance of free will, and the potential for personal growth. It focuses on the individual's subjective experience and aims to help people achieve self-actualization and fulfilment
• Behaviourism


  A theoretical approach in psychology that focuses on studying observable behaviours rather than internal mental processes. It emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behaviour, arguing that all behaviours are acquired through interactions with the environment
• 1. SR psychology

  Stimulus-response view, the idea that learning and behaviours can be explained by interactions between stimuli and the responses they evoke
• Skinner box


  An enclosed apparatus that contains a bar or key that an animal subject can manipulate in order to obtain reinforcement
• Taylorism


  Focuses on making work efficient by breaking tasks into simple, repetitive steps
• Taylorism


  • Works within capitalism to increase productivity, often benefiting the owners more than the workers
  • Managers decide how work should be done, leaving workers with little say
  • The main goal is to increase efficiency and profits, not necessarily to make work fair or democratic
• Karl Marx


  • Saw work as a way for people to express themselves and believed workers are exploited under capitalism
  • Believed society is divided into classes (owners and workers) and that this struggle leads to exploitation
  • Wanted workers to have control over their work and workplace, aiming for a fair and democratic society
  • Goal was to create a classless society where wealth and resources are shared fairly
• Framing effect


  A type of cognitive bias or error in thinking where people are generally biased toward picking an option they view as a gain over one they view as a loss, even if both options lead to the same result
• Representative heuristic


  A mental shortcut that people use to make judgments about the probability of an event based on how much it resembles or represents existing prototypes in their minds, often overlooking other relevant information stereotype thing is someone is wearing a suit doest mean he is lawyer
• Confirmation bias


  A tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs or values