Lecture Exam 1

• Systems of the human body include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
• The life processes among humans are metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
• Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment.
• Movement includes the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside of cells
• Growth referes to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, soze of cells, or both
• Differentiation is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
• Reproduction refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual
• Homeostasis is a condition in which the body's internal environment remains with a certain physiological limits.
• Fluid outside of the body cells is called extracellular fluid
• ECF in blood vessels is called plasma
• ECF in lymphatic vessels is called lymph
• ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells or tissues is called interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, or tissue fluid
• Fluid within the cells is called intracellular fluid
• ECF is often called the bodies internal environment
• An organism is said to be in homeostasis when it's internal environment has the optimal gases, nutrients, ions, water, temperature, volume
• Which systems regulate homeostasis? Nervous and endocrine
• If a response reverses the original stimulus the system is a negative feedback system
• If a response enhances the original stimulstimulus the system is a positive feedback system
• Symptoms are subjective
• Signs are objective
• What are the two principle cavities? Dorsal and ventral cavities
• What cavities do the dorsal cavity contain? Cranial and vertebral
• The 2 cavities of the ventral cavity are the thoracic and abdominopelvic
• The thoracic cavity contains two pleural cavities and the mediastinstinum, which include the pericardial cavity
• The pericardial and pleural cavities are lined in serous membranes
• Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of the body weight
• Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes
• The outermost electron shell is called valence shell
• In an ionic bond outer energy level electrons are transferred from one atom to another
• Cations are positively charged ions that have given up one or more electron
• Anions are negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom lost
• Covalent bonds may be polar or nonpolar
• In a hydrogen bond two other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) associate eith a hydrogen atom
• What are the factors determining if a chemical reaction will occur?

  Concentration, speed, activation energy, proper orientation
• Synthesis reactions involve the combination of reactants to produce a new molecule.  
• Anabolism - bonds are formed
• Catabolism - chemical bonds are broken
• In oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons are taken from the atom bring oxidized by the atom being reduced.
• An exergonic reaction is one where energy is released, usually as heat