polgov

• Citizens of the Philippines


  • Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
  • Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
  • Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
  • Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
• Natural-born citizens


  Those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
• Naturalization


  A process by which a foreigner acquires, voluntarily or by operation of law, the citizenship of another state. It can be direct or derivative.
• Ways of derivative naturalization

  • On the wife of the naturalized husband
  • On the minor children of the naturalized parents
  • On alien woman upon marriage to a national
• Ways of losing Philippine citizenship

  • By naturalization in a foreign country
  • By express renunciation of citizenship
  • By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution or laws of a foreign country upon attaining eighteen years of age or more
  • By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
  • By cancellation of the certificate of naturalization
  • By having been declared by competent authority, a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in time of war, unless subsequently, a plenary pardon or amnesty has been granted
  • In case of a woman, upon her marriage, to a foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in her husband's country, she acquires his nationality
• Dual citizenship


  Now recognized in the Philippines, allowing natural-born Filipinos to enjoy the rights they used to enjoy here before they acquired a new citizenship abroad. They can re-acquire their Philippine citizenship by simply taking the prescribed oath of allegiance to the Philippines.
• Enjoyment of the status of dual citizen will depend on the willingness of the foreign country to share allegiance of the naturalized Filipino with the Philippines
• If the adopted country demands total allegiance from its nationals, including the naturalized Filipinos, then the latter must make a crucial choice between the country he has deserted and the greener pastures of his adopted land
• If a dual citizen intends to run for public office or accept an appointive public office in the Philippines, then his oath of allegiance to this country must contain a rejection of all other countries, in which case he cannot be, or shall cease to be, a dual citizen
• Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law
• Requirements to exercise suffrage

  • Citizens of the Philippines, not otherwise disqualified by law
  • At least eighteen years of age
  • Have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election
• No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage
• Securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot

  1. Congress shall provide a system

  2. Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons
• Absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad

  Congress shall provide a system
• Dual citizen


  A person who is a citizen of two countries
• Dual allegiance


  Divided loyalty between two countries
• In Mercado v. Manzano, the respondent's election as vice mayor of Makati City was questioned under a provision of the Local Government Code and the charter of Makati city disqualifying from any elective local office "those with dual citizenship"
• Manzano was born in the United States of Filipino parents and was therefore a Filipino citizen under the jus sanguinis and an American citizen under the jus soli; in short, he was a dual citizen
• The Supreme Court found that upon attaining majority age, he voted in the 1992, 1995 and 1998 elections, thereby effectively electing Philippine citizenship in accordance with the 1935 Constitution and ceasing to be a dual citizen
• The Supreme Court stressed that the constitutional policy embodied in Art. IV, Sec. 5 is not against dual citizenship but dual loyalty, such as that often manifested by naturalized Filipinos who, while professing allegiance to their adopted land, retain their allegiance to their native land and even involve themselves in its political affairs
• Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the public interest and shall be dealt with by law
• Social Movement


  A loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society's structure or values
• Social Movements


  • They are essentially collective
  • They result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society
• Social Movements


  • They are a mixture of organization and spontaneity
  • There is usually one or more organizations that give identity, leadership, and coordination to the movement, but the boundaries of the movement are never coterminous with the organizations
• Organizations influential in the movement to preserve the natural environment

  • California's Sierra Club
• The famous John Brown was not a member of any major abolitionist organization, but his martyrdom made him a leader and symbol for the movement, even though organizational leaders were reluctant to recognize him
• Social Movements


  They are intrinsically related to social change
• The behavior of members of social movements does not reflect the assumption that the social order will continue essentially as it is
• It reflects, instead, the faith that people collectively can bring about or prevent social change if they will dedicate themselves to the pursuit of a goal
• Members of a social movement would not reply, "I do this because it has always been done" or "It's just the custom"
• They are aware that their behavior is influenced by the goal of the movement: to bring about a change in the way things have "always" been done or sometimes to prevent such a change from coming about
• Social Movements


  • They are a collectivity or a collective enterprise
  • Individual members experience a sense of membership in an alliance of people who share their dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs and their vision of a better order
• Norms


  They prescribe behaviour that will symbolize the members' loyalty to the social movement, strengthen their commitment to it, and set them apart from nonmembers
• The norms prohibit behaviour that may cause embarrassment to the movement or provide excuses for attacks by opponents
• Ideology


  It provides members with a ready-made, presumably authoritative set of arguments
• Social Movements


  • They are relatively long lasting; the activity of the membership is sustained over a period of weeks, months, or even years rather than flaring up for a few hours or a few days and then disappearing
• Membership in Social Movements

  • It is not formally defined
  • The informal, non-contractual quality of membership and the absence of formal decision-making procedures place a premium on faith and loyalty on the part of members
• Deeply committed members, accepting without question the decisions and orders conveyed by the leaders, sacrificing self, family, and friends if required to do so, are likely to be regarded by outsiders as fanatics
• An alternative explanation is that the social movement becomes a reference group that provides dedicated members with a new and deviant view of social reality
• Types of Social Movements

  • They can be categorized based on the social institution in or through which social change is to be brought about (political, religious, economic, educational, etc.)
  • They can be categorized as "reform" or "revolutionary" movements