Digestive System L3

• Cells

  • Are the smallest structural and functional unit of life
  • Make up all living things (organisms)
  • Were first observed by Robert Hooke in cork tissue from plants
  • Were called "cells" as they looked like small rooms
• Components common to all cells

  • Genetic material (usually DNA)
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Ribosomes
• Mitochondrion


  • Performs cellular respiration to make energy for the cell, by using sugars and oxygen
• Golgi apparatus


  • Packages proteins made by the cell so they can be secreted (exported out) from the cell to go elsewhere
• Organelle


  A small cell structure that is surrounded by its own membrane and has a specific function (like a "mini organ")
• Nucleus


  • Contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell
  • Controls all cell activities
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  • Large folded membrane system which is attached to the nucleus
  • It makes proteins that will end up leaving the cell to go to other parts of the organism
• Ribosomes


  • Small structures that make proteins
• Cytoplasm


  • A jelly-like substance that has organelles suspended in it
  • Many chemical reactions and cell processes occur here
• Vacuole


  • Stores water, salts, and other substances
  • Are often larger and more permanent in plant cells
• Chloroplast


  • Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which captures the energy of light to make glucose and oxygen (in a process called photosynthesis)
  • Are not found in animal cells
• Cell wall


  • Found in plant cells, but not in animal cells
  • Rigid structure that provides structural support to the plant
• Cell membrane


  • Thin, double layer that regulates what goes in (enters) and out (exits) of the cell
• If a firm increases advertising then their demand curve shifts right. This increases the equilibrium price and quantity.
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Cells


  • Are the smallest structural and functional unit of life
  • Make up all living things (organisms)
  • Were first observed by Robert Hooke in cork tissue from plants
  • Were called "cells" as they looked like small rooms
• Components common to all cells

  • Genetic material (usually DNA)
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Ribosomes
• Mitochondrion


  • Performs cellular respiration to make energy for the cell, by using sugars and oxygen
• Golgi apparatus


  • Packages proteins made by the cell so they can be secreted (exported out) from the cell to go elsewhere
• Organelle


  A small cell structure that is surrounded by its own membrane and has a specific function (like a "mini organ")
• Nucleus


  • Contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell
  • Controls all cell activities
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  • Large folded membrane system which is attached to the nucleus
  • It makes proteins that will end up leaving the cell to go to other parts of the organism
• Ribosomes


  • Small structures that make proteins
• Cytoplasm


  • A jelly-like substance that has organelles suspended in it
  • Many chemical reactions and cell processes occur here
• Vacuole


  • Stores water, salts, and other substances
  • Are often larger and more permanent in plant cells
• Chloroplast


  • Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which captures the energy of light to make glucose and oxygen (in a process called photosynthesis)
  • Are not found in animal cells
• Cell wall


  • Found in plant cells, but not in animal cells
  • Rigid structure that provides structural support to the plant
• Cell membrane


  • Thin, double layer that regulates what goes in (enters) and out (exits) of the cell
• If a firm increases advertising then their demand curve shifts right. This increases the equilibrium price and quantity.
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally