BIOLOGY

• Branches of Biology

  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Ecology
  • Taxonomy
• Prokaryotic


  Domain Archaea and Bacteria, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
• Eukaryotic

  Domain Eukarya, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
• Levels of Organization


  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
• Common Parts in ALL cells


  • Plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
• Differences between Plant and Animal Cells


  • Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
  • Animal cells have centrosomes, lysosomes
• Organelles (Animal Cell)


  • Nuclear membrane
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes and transport vesicles
  • Plasma membrane
• Organelles (Plant Cell)


  • Nuclear membrane
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes and transport vesicles
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Central vacuole
• Endomembrane System

  Set of organelles and membranes involved in production, modification, or delivery of lipids and proteins
• Cytoskeleton

  • Maintains cell structure, allows movement of vesicles and cytoplasm, allows cell movement, keeps organelles in place
• Components of Cytoskeleton


  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
• Cell Membrane


  Semipermeable membrane made of two layers of phospholipids interspersed with proteins
• Cell Membrane Components


  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Integral proteins
  • Peripheral proteins
  • Carbohydrates
• Fluid Mosaic Model


  Describes cell membrane as a mosaic of phospholipids, proteins, and attached carbohydrates
• Methods of Transport


  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated transport/diffusion
  • Primary active transport
  • Secondary active transport
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis and potocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Passive Transport

  Usually follows down the concentration gradient (from high to low)
• Diffusion

  Movement of solutes from lower concentration to higher concentration
• Osmosis

  Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane until concentrations are equalized
• Facilitated Transport

  For polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, carried out with the help of transport proteins
• Active Transport


  Involved when going against a concentration gradient, requires energy (usually ATP) and involves transport proteins
• Primary Active Transport


  ATP binds to a protein to allow the transfer of a substance
• Secondary Active Transport (Co-Transport)


  Uses the potential energy from going down the concentration gradient to transport molecules
• Bulk Transport


  • Endocytosis (transports into the cell)
  • Phagocytosis (for large substances/particles)
  • Pinocytosis (for smaller molecules)
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Exocytosis (transports out of the cell)
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)


  Network of collagen and carbohydrate fibers found outside the cell, keeps cells together to form a tissue and facilitates cell communication
• Types of Intercellular Junctions

  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
  • Desmosomes
• Cellular Respiration


  1. Glycolysis

  2. Pyruvate Oxidation

  3. Citric Acid Cycle

  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport Chain
• Anaerobic Respiration


  Uses other molecules other than oxygen for the electron transport chain
• Anaerobic Respiration Processes


  • Lactic acid fermentation
  • Alcohol fermentation
• Cell Cycle


  Activities carried out by cells to live
• Life Functions


  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
• Lactic acid fermentation


  1. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate

  2. Allows for NAD+ regeneration
• Alcohol fermentation


  Allows for NAD+ regeneration
• Respiration with other macromolecules
• Common life functions


  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Responsiveness / Sensitivity
  • Movement
  • Development
  • Homeostasis
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
• Metabolism

  Undertaking of essential chemical reactions that involve combining simple molecules to form a complex substance (anabolism) and breaking down complex substances into simpler molecules (catabolism)
• Asexual Reproduction


  One parent organism can reproduce by itself without the use of sex cells
• Asexual Reproduction


  • Budding - a bud grows and detaches out of a parent that eventually becomes another organism (sponge)
• Sexual Reproduction


  Two parents organism reproduce by the union of their sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell) in a process called fertilization
• Photosynthesis

  1. Light-Dependent Reaction

  2. Light-Independent Reaction
• Shoot system


  • All parts above ground