Science Exam Study

• What Is the PNS?

  Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
• It consists of sensory neurons, which carry information from receptors to the CNS, and motor neurons, which carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
• Sensory Neuron - Carries impulses away from the central nervous system toward the body’s surface.
• Motor Neuron - Carries impulses away from the central nervous system toward effectors such as muscle cells and glandular tissue.
• What is the CNS?

  Central Nervous System
• The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
• The CNS receives input from sensory neurons and sends output through motor neurons.
• The brain receives input from sensory neurons and sends output through motor neurons.
• Parts of a Neuron?

  Cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminals.
• Parts of the cerebrum?

  Frontal lobe (personality and logic), parietal lobe(spacial awareness, touch,pressure,tempreture), temporal lobe(sound,smell,taste), occipital lobe(sight).
• What is homestasis?


  Internal balance
• Negative feedback ?


  Occurs when the response is opposite to the stimulus (Homeostasis)
• Positive feedback?


  Stimulus and response is the same thing (breastfeeding, birth)
• What does the synapse do in a neuron?

  The synapse is a small gap separating neurons
• Cell body?


  Contains the nucleus which controls the cell nerve
• Dendrites?


  Branches that receive information
• Axon?


  Carries the nerve impulse to the axon Terminal
• Myelin sheath?


  protective layer around axon that ensures the electrical impulse travels the right way.
• What is the neurotransmitter?

  chemicals that cross the synapse, passing the message between neurons.
• What are receptors?


  Proteins or cells that detect and respond to specific signals or stimuli.
• What are effectors?


  Effectors are molecules or structures that carry out a specific response or action in a biological system. (Glands and muscles)
• What is the nervous system?


  The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body.
• What is the endocrine System?

  Collection of glands that produce hormones.
• Functions of glands in the endocrine system?

  Hormone secretion.
• Similarities between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

  • Both systems maintain the homeostasis of the body.
  • Both systems send signals to the effector organs of the body.
  • Both systems use chemical substances for sending signals to regulate various pathways
• Differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

  Endocrine system: Hormones, slow, long -lasting effects. Nervous system: Neurons, fast, short-lasting effects.
• Parts of the stimulus response model?

  Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system, motor neuron, effector, response.
• Parts of the reflex Arc?

  Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector.
• Difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

  Autonomic: Involuntary functions Somatic: Voluntary movements
• Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

  Sympathetic: Fight or flight response Parasympathetic: Rest and digest response
• Structure and function of the brain?

  The brain is the control center of the nervous system. It is responsible for processing information, controlling body functions, and coordinating behavior.
• How a negative feedback system maintains homeostasis: A negative feedback system is a system that counteracts a change in a cell or organism to restore it to its original state
• Lable a neuron

  
• Identify the parts of the stimulus response model?

  Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system, motor neuron, effector, response.
• Identify and name the sensory, processing, glands and effectors (target cells) in a negative feedback loop? Sensory: Receptors Processing: Control center Glands: Endocrine glands Effectors: Muscles or glands
• Protons, Neutrons and Electrons (atomic structure)?

  Subatomic particles
• Protons?


  Positive charged particles, located in the atom nucleus
• Neutrons?


  Neutral charged particles, located in the atom nucleus connected to Isotopes
• Electrons?


  Orbit around the nucleus in the electronic shells, connected to the valence shell.