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• Citizens of the Philippines


  • Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
  • Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
  • Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
  • Those who are naturalized in the accordance with law
• Natural-born citizens


  Those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship
• Naturalization


  A process by which a foreigner acquires, voluntarily or by operation of law, the citizenship of another state
• Types of naturalization


  • Direct naturalization
  • Derivative naturalization
• Ways of direct naturalization

  • (1) by individual proceedings, usually judicial, under general naturalization laws

  (2) by special act of the legislature, often in favor of distinguished foreigners who have rendered some notable service to the local state

  (3) by collective change of nationality (naturalization en mase) as a result of cession or subjugation

  (4) by adoption of orphan minors as nationals of the State where they are born
• Ways of derivative naturalization

  • (1) on the wife of the naturalized husband

  (2) on the minor children of the naturalized parents

  (3) on alien woman upon marriage to a national
• Ways of losing Philippine citizenship

  • (1) By naturalization in a foreign country

  (2) By express renunciation of citizenship

  (3) By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution or laws of a foreign country upon attaining eighteen years of age or more

  (4) By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country

  (5) By cancellation of the certificate of naturalization

  (6) By having been declared by competent authority, a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in time of war, unless subsequently, a plenary pardon or amnesty has been granted

  (7) In case of a woman, upon her marriage, to a foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in her husband9s country, she acquires his nationality
• Dual citizenship


  Allows natural-born Filipinos to enjoy the rights they used to enjoy here before they acquired a new citizenship abroad
• Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law
• Social movement


  A loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society's structure or values
• Social movements


  • They result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society

  They possess organizational and motivational mechanisms capable of sustaining membership through periods of inaction and waiting

  They can be used to achieve communication and coordination of activity over a wide area, such as a nation or continent

  They are a mixture of organization and spontaneity
• Social movements are intrinsically related to social change
• Membership in social movements

  • Individuals experience a sense of membership in an alliance of people who share their dissatisfaction with the present state of affairs and their vision of a better order

  They are subject to some discipline and possess norms that prescribe behaviour

  They are provided with a ready-made, presumably authoritative set of arguments (ideology)

  Membership is not formally defined and the structure is semiformal
• One of the defining characteristics of a social movement is that it is relatively long lasting; the activity of the membership is sustained over a period of weeks, months, or even years rather than flaring up for a few hours or a few days and then disappearing
• A social movement is usually large, but, like duration, largeness is only relative. Some social movements, lasting many decades, may enlist hundreds of thousands of members. Some movements take place within the boundaries of a specific secondary group, such as a religious association or a local community, and may include only a few score or a few hundred members
• The exact size of a social movement is impossible to determine exactly, for membership is not formally defined. Indeed, one of the salient characteristics of a social movement is the semiformal character of its structure
• It lacks the fully developed, formal structure of a stable association, such as a club, a corporation, or a political party. The leaders do not possess authority in the sense of legitimatized power, and members are not formally inducted
• The informal, non-contractual quality of membership and the absence of formal decision-making procedures place a premium on faith and loyalty on the part of members
• While not all members display these traits, ideal members give their total, unselfish loyalty to the movement
• Since no legal obligation is assumed on becoming a member, either to conform to the movement's norms or to remain a member, commitment to the movement and its values becomes one of the most important sources of control
• Deeply committed members, accepting without question the decisions and orders conveyed by the leaders, sacrificing self, family, and friends if required to do so, are likely to be regarded by outsiders as fanatics
• An alternative explanation is that the social movement becomes a reference group that provides dedicated members with a new and deviant view of social reality. Their basic assumptions about the nature of the social order become so divergent from those of "normal" members of society that their logic and conclusions are incomprehensible to them
• Types of social movements based on objective


  • Political
  • Religious
  • Economic
  • Educational
• Reform movement


  Advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
• Revolutionary movement


  Advocates replacement of existing values
• Characterisations of movements based on direction and rate of change

  • Radical
  • Reactionary
  • Moderate
  • Liberal
  • Conservative
• Reactionary movement


  Advocates the restoration of a previous state of social affairs
• Progressive movement


  Argues for a new social arrangement
• Conservative movement


  Opposes the changes proposed by other movements, or those seeming to develop through cultural drift, and advocates preservation of existing values and norms
• Types of movements based on public definition, opposition, and means of action


  • Respectable non-factional
  • Respectable factional
  • Revolutionary
  • Peculiar
• A respectable non-factional movement must contend primarily with the problems of disinterest and token support, but it has access to legitimate means of promoting its values
• A respectable factional movement must contend with competing movements advocating the same general objective but also has access to legitimate means of extending its influence
• A movement that appears to threaten the values of powerful and significant interest groups within the society is publicly defined as revolutionary and encounters violent suppression. As a result, it is denied access to legitimate means of promoting its program
• Another type of movement is defined as neither respectable nor dangerous but as peculiar; this type, seen as odd but harmless, encounters ridicule and has limited access to legitimate means
• Types of movements based on strategy and tactics


  • Legitimate
  • Underground
  • Violent
  • Nonviolent
• A nonviolent movement may also be defined as revolutionary or radical because it accepts civil disobedience, rather than legal or parliamentary maneuvering, as a major feature of its strategy
• The distinction between violent and nonviolent movements is a relative one because a movement may shift rapidly from one to the other as it develops
• The idea of the life cycle permits the discovery of conditions that must be present if any movement is to proceed from one stage to another. It may also help identify the conditions that cause a movement to change direction
• A social movement has a career; for as it endures it always undergoes changes in many of its characteristics, though the sequence of these changes may vary from movement to movement
• In its earliest stages the strongest influence on a movement is likely to be the charismatic leader who personally symbolizes its values