PARASITOLOGY

• Study of 3 major groups of animals

  PARASITOLOGY
• 3 major groups

  1. PROTOZOA(unicellular, amoeba)
  2. HELMINTHS(worms)
  3. ARTHROPODS(lices)
• 5 types of Protozoa

  1.AMEBA(pseudopod=false feet)

  2.FLAGELLATES(GI Tract, has flagella)

  3.CILIATES(has cilia)

  4.HEMOFLAGELLATES(blood/tissue)

  5.SPROZOA(forms spore)
• What is Ameba/amoeba and its two forms?

  Has ability to move(psedopod)

  2 forms

  1. Trophozoite
  2. Cyst
• Trophozoite


  Feeds, multiply, motile form
• Cyst


  Non-feeding

  Infective stage

  Fasting stage
• Types of INTESTINAL AMEBA

  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Entamoeba coli
  • Entamoeba polecki
  • Endolimax nana
  • Iodamoeba butschlii
• Types of EXTRAINTESTINAL AMEBA

  • Entamoeba gingivalis(oral cavity)
  • Naegleria fowleri(brain)
  • Acanthamoeba spp.(brain/eyes)
• Entamoeba histolytica


  ingest RBC

  the only pathogenic entamoeba
• Entamoeba gingivalis


  non pathogenic

  Only amoeba that ingest WBC
• Naegleria fowleri

  Brain eating amoeba

  With 3 form

  • Trophozoite
  • Cyst
  • Flagallate form
• Acanthamoeba spp.


  has spine like structure

  Found in CSF and corneal scrapings

  associated with contaminated saline
• Flagellates


  Identifies by the presence of whiplike stucture called flagella
• Types of Flagellates amoeba under

  INTESTINAL

  • Giardia lamblia/intestinalis(P)
  • Chilomastix mesnili(NP)
  • Dientamoeba fragilis(P)
  • Trichomonas hominis(NP)
• Dientamoeba fragilis


  Transmitted via the eggs of other parasite helminths like Ascaris and Enterobius
• Giardia lamblia

  Falling leaf motility

  Resistant in the routine chlorination of water
• Trichomonas vaginalis

  Jerky motility

  seen in urine, vaginal discharge, and urethral discharge
• Types of flagellates under

  EXTRAINTESTINAL

  • Trichomonas tenax (oral cavity)(NP)
  • Trichomonas vaginalis (urinary tract(P)
• Balantidium coli

  The only ciliates that is pathogenic in human
• Ciliates


  Possesses cilia
• Cilia


  Short hairlike organelle used for locomotion
• Disease caused by Naegleria fowleri

  Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
• Diseases caused by Acanthamoeba spp.

  1. Ganulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
  2. Acanthamoeba Keratitis (amebic keratitis)
• Disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica

  Amoebic dysentery
• MOT of Entamoeba histolytica

  • Ingestion of food or water with feces
  • Sexual intercourse
• • Kissing
  • Sharing of utensils


  MOT of Entamoeba gingivalis
• Disease caused by Giardia lamblia

  Giardiasis / Traveller's diarrhea
• Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

  • Males : asymtomatic
  • Females : trichomoniasis
• Disease caused by Balantidium coli

  • Balantidiasis
• Mode of transmission of Balantidium coli

  • Drinking of contaminated food/ water
• Mode of transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis

  • Sexual intercourse
  • Can be transmited through underclothing
• Mode of transmission of Giardia Lamblia

  • Ingestion of contaminated/recreational water
  • Oral-anal sexual practices
  • Oral-fecal route
• Mode of transmission of Acanthamoeba spp.

  Use of contaminated saline
• Mode of transmission of Naegleri fowleri

  • Entry of contaminated water through the nose
  • Inhalation of dust particles
• Mode of transmission of Entamoeba gingivalis

  Kissing

  Sharing of utensils
• Mode of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica

  • Ingestion of food or water with feces
  • Sexual intercourse (anal sex)
• Hemoflagellates - located in blood and tissue that moves by means of flagella
• 2 genera of hemoflagellates

  • Leishmania spp.
  • Trypanosoma spp.
• What does Leishmania braziliensis causes?

  Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
• What is the vector of L. braziliensis?

  • Lutzomyia sandfly