PR 2

• Research Design


  To ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem as unambiguously as possible
• Steps in making research design


  1. Present the research design chosen

  2. Define the meaning of the research design and cite the reference

  3. Justify the relevance and appropriateness of the selected research design
• Types of Quantitative Research Design


  • Descriptive Research
  • Correlational Research
  • Comparative Research
  • Experimental Research
• Descriptive Research


  Uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision
• Correlational Research


  Establishes and determines the effect of one variable on the other and how it affects the relationship between the two variables
• Comparative Research


  Shows how two subjects are similar or how they are different
• Comparative Research


  • Conducting a study to compare both internet use and library use among students
• Experimental Research


  Used to investigate the interaction between Independent and dependent variables
• Experimental ResearchEXAMPLE 


  • Examining the efficacy of cooperative learning technique in problem solving
• SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PRICEDURES


  The group of individuals who will actually participate in the research. they are your respondents
• Sampling Methods


  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling


  Choosing of respondents based on pure chance
• Simple Random SamplingEXAMPLE 


  • Writing all the names of the respondents in a clean strip of paper, placing it in a bowl and drawing the sample out
• Cluster Sampling


  Selecting respondents in clusters, rather than in separate individuals
• Cluster SamplingEXAMPLE 


  • Choosing 5 sections as sample out of 10 sections in a private institution
• Systematic Sampling


  Picking out from the list every 5th or every 8th member listed in the sampling frame
• Systematic Sampling


  • The researcher chooses every third participant in the list to be a sample
• Stratified Sampling


  Choosing a sample that will later be subdivided into strata, sub-groups
• Stratified Sampling


  • The study needs to have an equal number of representatives who are grouped according to their strand
• Purposive Sampling


  Choosing respondents whom you have judged with good background knowledge or about the research
• Purposive Sampling


  • The study focuses on time management skills of working students. The researcher only chooses students who are employed within the semester
• Research Instrument


  The generic term that researchers use for measurement device like survey, test, questionnaire, and many others
• Instrumentation


  The process of developing, testing and using devices
• Types of research instrument


  • Checklist
  • Questionnaire
• Checklist


  Consists of a list of items or criteria that need to be checked or marked based on specific criteria or observations
• Questionnaire


  Designed to collect data by presenting a series of questions to participants in a written or electronic format
• Validity


  The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
• Guidelines in developing an instrument


  • The instrument must be suitable for its function
  • The instrument must be based on your statement of the problem
  • The instrument should be valid and reliable
• Data collection


  The systematic gathering and measurement of information from relevant sources to address a research problem
• Data collection procedure


  An action that the researcher will do to obtain appropriate data
• Data collection methods


  • Observation
  • Questionnaire
  • Checklist
• Observation


  A data collection method that involves tracking of changes during a specified time period
• Questionnaire


  A tool for data collection that is efficient to collect data from a large number of samples
• Basic statistical tools


  • Standard deviation
  • T-tests
  • Mean
  • 2-tests
  • ANOVA
• Standard deviation


  The average of a set of data
• Z TESTS

  Used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two comparing groups when the sample size in each group is more than 30
• Mean


  The average of a set of data
• T TESTS 


  Used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of within group or two groups when the sample size in each group is less than 30
• ANOVA


  Used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups with one independent variable
• Presenting and interpreting data


  • Uses tables that summarize statistical information
  • Report whether the hypothesis test was significant or not
  • Discuss how the result is either confirmed or unconfirmed prior studies