Computer Sci Rev.

• Secondary Memory


  The computer's long-term storage, where data is stored permanently on hard drives or solid-state drives.
• Primary Memory


  The computer's main memory, where data is temporarily stored for easy access by the CPU.
• Hexadecimal


  A numbering system using 16 digits: 0-9 and A-F.
• Denary


  A numbering system using 10 digits: 0-9.
• Binary


  A numbering system using only two digits: 0 and 1.
• Lossless Compression


  A type of compression where no data is lost, but the file size is reduced.
• Lossy Compression


  A type of compression where some data is discarded to reduce the file size.
• Data Storage


  The process of storing and retrieving data in digital format.
• Network


  A collection of interconnected devices, such as computers, servers, and storage devices.
• Function of Operating System


  The operating system manages computer hardware resources and provides common services to computer programs.
• Interrupts


  Signals sent to the CPU to stop its current activity and handle a higher-priority event.
• Input and Output Devices

  Hardware components that allow users to interact with the computer and display/output data.
• Operating System (OS) Software


  A type of system software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and user-level applications.
• Virtual Memory


  A combination of physical RAM and a hard drive, allowing a system to use more memory than is physically installed by temporarily transferring pages to the hard drive.
• Manages computer hardware and provides common services to computer programs, including the Operating System, Device Drivers, Firmware, and Utilities.
• Application Software


  Designed for specific tasks or functions, providing services like word processing, web browsing, or industry-specific tasks.
• NIC (Network Interface Card)

  Provides physical connectivity to a network, enabling device identification, communication, and efficient data transfer through protocols like TCP/IP.
• MAC (Media Access Control) Address


  A unique identifier for devices on a network, used for device identification, network segmentation, data transmission, and security purposes.
• Router


  A device that directs data packets to their intended destination on a network, routes traffic, segments networks, performs NAT, and filters traffic.
• Magnetic Storage


  A storage type that stores data on a magnetic medium with magnetic heads to read and write data.
• Optical Storage


  A storage type that uses laser technology to read and write data on reflective surfaces like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays.
• Solid-State (Flash Memory) Storage


  A storage type that stores data in interconnected transistors and capacitors, using electrically changing memory cells.
• Advantages of Magnetic Storage

  High capacity, wide availability, and cost-effective.
• Advantages of Optical Storage

  High data capacity, durability, and low power consumption.
• Advantages of Solid-State (Flash Memory) Storage

  High performance, low latency, and low power consumption.
• Limits of Magnetic Storage

  Slow access times, degrading performance, sensitivity to environmental factors, and limited write cycles.
• Limits of Optical Storage

  Limited read/write cycles, prone to physical damage, limited capacity, and high error rates.
• Limits of Solid-State (Flash Memory) Storage

  Write performance, limited write cycles, data corruption, and high cost.
• Measuring Data Storage


  Units: bit, byte, kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB).
• How LED, LCD, and DLP Displays Work

  Overview of LED, LCD, and DLP display technologies, including their principles, functionality, advantages, and disadvantages.
• How LCD Projectors Work

  Overview of LCD projector technology, including LCoS panels, xenon lamp, and their functionality, advantages, and disadvantages.
• LCoS vs. LCD


  Key differences between LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technologies, including construction, pixel structure, electrodes, color filtering, and brightness.
• RAM vs ROM


  RAM is volatile, dynamic storage that loses data when off & can be written/modified. ROM is non-volatile, read-only storage that retains data even when off & cannot be modified.
• Pixels in an Image

  Width × Height = Total Number of Pixels in an Image
• Resolution


  Number of pixels or dots per unit (screen/ printer) measured in DPI or PPI
• Resolution and Image Quality

  Higher resolution results in sharper, clearer images with better color accuracy
• ASCII vs. Unicode


  ASCII: a 7-bit code used for plain text in the 1960s, while Unicode is a 16-bit code, supporting multiple languages and scripts, and now uses UTF-8 for efficient encoding.
• ASCII Limitations


  ASCII is limited by small character set, no support for non-English languages, no Unicode characters, and more
• Cache


  A small, fast memory storage location in a processor that stores frequently used data or instructions for faster access.
• Sound Representation in Computers

  Sound is represented digitally through sampling, with sampling rate (SR) and sample resolution determining the quality of the digital audio.