psychology - conditioning

• Conditioning


  Type of learning that involves stimulus based response connections
• Classical conditioning


  Form of learning where one stimulus calls forth the response usually called by another stimulus
• Unconditioned stimulus (US)


  Stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and not learned
• Unconditioned response (UR)


  The automatic response to unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR)


  Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)


  Previously neutral stimulus that because of pairing with an unconditioned response, now causes a conditioned response
• Neutral stimulus (NS)


  Stimulus that that has no association to a response
• Extinction


  When the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned response, it loses its ability to bring a conditioned response
• Spontaneous recovery


  Displaying responses that were extinguished earlier, revival of the response follows a period in which the conditioned response does not occur
• Generalization


  Responding the same way to similar stimuli
• Discrimination


  The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
• Operant conditioning


  People and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results or consequences
• Reinforcement


  The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again
• Positive reinforcement


  Increases the frequency of the behavior they follow, a person receives something they want following the behavior
• Negative reinforcement


  Increases the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed, something unwanted stops following the behavior
• Punishment


  Unwanted events that, when they are applied, decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow
• Rewards


  Sometimes positive reinforcement, figure out what the subject wants
• Continuous reinforcement


  Reinforcement every time the behavior occurs
• Partial reinforcement


  Not every time, alternative
• Fixed interval


  Exact amount of time between reinforcement
• Variable interval


  Varying time between reinforcement
• Fixed ratio


  Reinforcement after specific amount of responses
• Variable ratio


  Reinforcement after varying amount of responses
• Observational learning


  Knowledge and skills that are acquired by observing and imitating others, consequences ie vicarious reinforcement