English paper 2

• babbling (GRAMMAR)

  • sounds a baby will make like ga ga at the age of 6-8 weeks as they begin to exercise their vocal chords
• Holophrastic (GRAMMAR)

  when utterances consist of mainly single content words
• Two word stage (GRAMMAR)

  when utterances are produced that use two words in combination
• Telegraphic (GRAMMAR)

  speech resembling a old fashioned telegram (24-36 months) characterised by the omission of function words
• Over generalisation (GRAMMAR)

  when a child learns a grammatical rule and then applies it incorrectly

  can be demonstrated with the wug study
• Post telegraphic (GRAMMAR)

  • the child begins to include function words in their vocabulary and mostly resembles adult speech
• Language acquisition device theory (GRAMMAR)

  • a child is born with an innate capacity to develop language.
• Spatial adjectives (GRAMMAR)

  • words that describe space. Easily comprehendible ones such as big and little are learnt first. More difficult ones such as deep and shallow come later. Mainly due to the child being able to see whether something is big or little but deep and shallow cannot be seen in day to day life.
• Under extension (MEANING)

  • a word is used in a narrow sense
• The wug study (MEANING)

  • produced a book to some children with a fictional character called wug. when the children were shown two of the creatures they called them wugs. Shows they have an understanding of plural word endings.
• Polite indirect question form (MEANING)

  • Parents or carers use commands hidden in questions to direct child’s behaviour
• Heuristic function (MEANING)

  • language is used to gain knowledge of the environment- asking questions
• Imaginative function (MEANING)

  • language is used by the child to tell stories and jokes to create an imaginary environment
• Instrumental function (MEANING)

  • child uses language to express its needs
• Interactional function (MEANING)

  • child uses language to interact with others to form relationships
• Personal function (MEANING)

  • language is used by the child to express feelings opinions and personality
• Regulatory function (MEANING)

  • child uses language to tell others what to do
• Jean aithisons 3 stages

  1. labelling - the link between sounds and the objects they refer to
  2. packaging - exploring what a label covers, over and under extension occurs in order to understand a words range of meaning
  3. network building - connections between words are grasped, recognising similarities and opposites in meaning
• Categorical over extension (MEANING)

  • where one member of a category is extended to all members of the category (dog=any four legged animal)
• Analogical overextension (MEANING)

  • a word for one object is extended to include one in a different category because of a physical or functional connection (ball=round fruit)
• Miss match statements (MEANING)

  • where there is a memory of some association (saying ducks when looking at an empty pool)
• Labelling (PHONOLOGY)

  • the link between the sounds and the objects that it refers to
• Ludic language ( PHONOLOGY)

  • younger children tend to play with language including rhymes and songs.
• Laterals

  • a consonant sound produced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth (L)
• Palatels

  • consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (y)
• Dentals

  • a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth (th)
• fricatives

  • air passes through a narrow constriction that causes the air to flow and create a sound (f, s, v, z)
• gutterals

  • articulated at the back of the throat (k,g)