REVIEW

• Leaf epidermal cells contains a coating of ______ and usually also wax of their outer walls. These retain water and difficult for digestion processes of some fungi.

  Cutin
• usually calls to mind foliage leaves - the large, flat, green structure involves in photosynthesis.

  
  

  "leaf"
• LEAF BLADE (Lamina)

  This flat, light-harvesting portion of a leaf.
• DORSAL SURFACE (Abaxial)

  the blade's lower side, large veins protrude like backbone.
• VENTRAL SURFACE (Ventral)

  The upper side and is usually rather smooth.
• PETIOLE


  a stalk that holds the blades out into the light. (Petiolate or Sessile Leaf)
• SHEATHING LEAF BASE


  the leaf base wraps around the stem.
• SIMPLE LEAF


  a leaf that has an undivided blade
• COMPOUND LEAF


  a plant has a blade divided into several individual parts.
• LEAFLETS


  leaf with a small blades.
• PETIOLULE


  a stalk of a leaflets.
• RACHIS


  an extension of an petiole and a main axis or shaft, such as the main stem of an inflorescence
• STIPULES


  a pair of leaf like appendages at the base of the petiole
• VEINS


  consist of bundles of vascular tissue.
• ABSCISION ZONE


  oriented perpendicular to the petiole; it cells involves in cutting off the leaf when it s

  useful in life is over.
• LEAF VENATION


  In basal angiosperm and eudicots, they

  occur in netted pattern called Reticulate

  Venation and in monocots, with long

  strap-shaped leaves, the larger veins run

  side with few obvious interconnection

  called Parallel Venation
• Leaves have different blade formation

  such as

  Linear, Oblong, Lanceolate, Ovate, Oval, Oblanceolate, Obovate, Cordate, Sagittate, Deltoids, Reniform, Hastate, and Oblique
• Myriophyllum heterophyllum

  
• Azara lanceolata

  
• INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FOLIAGE LEAVES

  Flat, thin foliage leaves (optimal for interception) have a large surface are through which water can be lost.

  Water loss through the epidermis is called "Transpiration" and is a serious problem if the soil is so dry that

  roots cannot replace lost water.
• EPIDERMISThe Epidermis must be reasonably waterproof but simultaneously translucent, and it must allow entry of

  carbon dioxide. Leaf and stem epidermis are basically similar, consisting of large percentage of flat, tabular

  (shape like paving stones), ordinary epidermal cells, guard cell and trichomes.
• cutin (cuticle)


  Leaf epidermal cells contains a coating of ____ and usually also wax of their outer walls. These retain water and difficult for digestion processes of some fungi.
• mesophyll


  The ground tissues interior to the leaf epidermis are collectively called
• Palisade Parenchyma


  The upper surface of most leaves is a layer of cells called
• Spongy Mesophyll


  In the lower portion of the leaf is the__open, loose aerenchyma that permits carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly away from stomata into all parts of the leaf's anterior.
• Vascular tissues


  Between the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll are
• mid-rib


  A eudicots leaf usually has one large also called midvein
• Lateral Veins


  Emerge that branch into narrow minor veins
• bundle sheath


  both conduct and supports the leaf blade, they may have many fibers arranged as a sheath called
• Monocots


  initiated by the expansion of some shoot apical meristem cells to form a leaf primordium.
• SUCCULENT LEAVES


  Numerous adaptation permits plant to survive in

  desert habitat, one of the most common being

  production of succulent leaves.
• SCLEROPHYLLOUS FOLIAGE

  LEAVES

  Foliage leaves must produce more sugar by

  photosynthesis than are used in their own

  construction and metabolism, or the plant would lose

  energy every time it produced a leaf.
• LEAVES OF CONIFERS


  In almost all species of conifers, leaves are

  sclerophylls; they have a thick cuticle and their

  epidermis and hypodermis cells have thick walls.
• BUD SCALES


  One of the most common modification of leaves is

  their evolutionary conversion into bud scales.
• SPINES


  The green cactus body has microscopic green leaves, and the cluster of spines are their axillary buds; Cactus spines are modified leaves of axillary buds.
• TENDRILS


  many plants (peas, cucumbers, and squash are another form of modified leaf.
• LEAVES WITH KRANZ ANATOMY

  A distinct type of leaf anatomy occurs in plant that have a special metabolism called C4 photosynthesis.
• INSECT TRAPS


  The ability to trap and digest insect has evolved in several families.
• CARBON DIOXIDE


  a several greenhouses gases that allow visible sunlight to pass

  through the atmosphere and strike Earth's surface and radiate through the earth and give off infrared radiation back out toward space.
• global warming


  The intensive act of natural disaster such as rainfall and increasing of heat