cloward and ohlin

• delinquency and opportunity

  • claims there's greater pressure on the w/c to deviate as they have less chance to legitimately succeed, causes 3 responses
• criminal subculture

  • areas with organised adult crime provide a "learning environment" where children are exposed to criminal skills and values
  • gives them access to illegitimate opportunity structure where they can rise in the criminal hierarchy
• conflict subculture

  • areas with little adult crime mean little opportunity to access illegitimate structures and no unity in communities
  • causes gang violence as a release of anger and way of gaining status
• retreatist subculture

  • some lower class youths form subcultures around illegal drug use, as they've failed in both legitimate and illegitimate success structures
• criticism - taylor, walton and young

  • theory assumes everyone wants to commit crime to gain wealth, but t, w + y claim there's a greater variety of goals e.g might reject promotion if it disturbs family
• support

  • USA, UK etc place a lot of pressure on material success
  • illegal opportunity analysis can be applied to organisation of drugs in towns and cities