PRACTICAL RESEARCH

• Review of related literature - is an account of previous published works that are used as resources in the present research.
• GENERAL SOURCES - These include periodicals, newspapers, and news website. These sources serve as topic landscape which give an overview of the selected topic.
• PRIMARY SOURCE - These are the first-hand information from experts in the field of the chosen topic.
• SECONDARY SOURCE - These are materials found in scholarly, journalsm books, case studies and researches anthologies, online discussion and forums.
• VERBATIM - It is using the same words as the original text
• PARAPHRASE -It is the restatement of the text or passage without any attempt at reducing the original material.
• PRECIS - It is considered as the blueprint of the text, involves shortening the text as accurately and briefly as possible.
• SUMMARY - It consisted of one to three paragraphs, omitting details not important to the study. it is a condensed and objective account of the main idea of the text.
• Research Methodology - It is the chapter which describes and discusses in detail how the researcher collects and analyzes data in order to answer their research questions.
• Method - A TECHNIQUE which the researcher uses to gather and generate data about the subjects of the study.
• Methodology - Is the section of the research paper which explaains why the researcher chose to use the particular topic.
• Research design - Is a PLAN which structures study to ensure that the data collected and generated will contain information needed to answer the initial inquiry as fully and clearly as possible.
• Research design - This section describes the specific research approach you will use in the study.
• TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

  PHENOMENOLOGY

  CASE STUDY

  GROUNDED THEORY

  NARRATIVE RESEARCH

  ETNOGRAPHY
• COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  RESEARCH DESIGN

  RESEARCH LOCALE

  SAMPLE OR THE RESPONDENTS

  RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

  DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

  DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
• ETNOGRAPHY - Is when the researchers immerse themselves in the culture or subculture they study and try to see the world from a cultural members point of view.
• GROUNDED THEORY -Is an approach that generates and modifies a theory. Data usually are collected through non-standardized interviews and participant observation but also by access to other data sources
• NARRATIVE INQUIR / RESEARCH - Includes stories that reflect on people's experience and the meaning that this experience has for them.
• Phenomenology - Focuses on the subjective experience of the individual and seeks to understand the essence or structure of a phenomenon from the perspective of those who experienced it.
• CASE STUDY - Has definite quality like time, space and or components comprising the case. it is chosen precisely because researchers are interested in insight, and discover rather than the testing of a hypothesis.
• Research locale - This sections describes the SETTING or LOCATION of your study.
• Sample / Respondents - This sections describes the respondents of the study.
• Data Collection procedure - This sections describes the specific steps you will undergo in order to collect the data for your study.
• Data collection procedure

  It is mainly divided into two steps; the research instruments and the sampling method
• Data collection procedure

  
  

  Direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis

  Direct interacxtion with individuals in a group setting
• Qualitative research data collection methods are time consuming, therefore data is usually collected from a smaller sample
• Qualitative research instruments - This sections outlines the instruments you will use in the study. These are the the data gathhering devices that will be used in the study.
• STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN DEVELOPING AND UTILIZING A RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

  1 - be clear with your research questions and purpose of doing the investigations.

  2 - Plan how you will conduct the investigation and data collection.

  3 - Use research instruments that are appropriate for the type of research you are conducting.

  4 - Collect, tabulate tally, and analyze the data

  5 - Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.

  6 - Reports your findings based on the data you collected.
• INTERVIEWS - Is a method of collecting a data about an individual's behavior, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics.
• STEPS IN DOING AN INTERVIEW

  BEFORE INTERVIEW

  1 - Decide on the interview method you will use (face to face, phone, video conferencing)

  2 - Choose a comfortable venue with least amount of distractions

  3 - Decide on the duration of the interview

  4 - Prepare and master your interview guide
• STEPS IN DOING AN INTERVIEW

  DURING THE INTERVIEW

  1 - Be in control of the flow of the interview

  2 - Help the participants respond as easily and as naturally as possible.

  3 - Demonstrate respect, professionalism, and a positive attitude toward the participants throughout the interview.
• STEPS IN DOING AN INTERVIEW

  AFTER THE INTERVIEWZ

  1 - Check if your recording device worked well throughout the interview.

  2 - Encode the data as soon you have finished your interview.

  3 - Write some of your observation regarding the interview.
• OBSERVATIONS - may take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening.
• Techniques for collecting data through observations

  Written descriptions - The researcher makes written description of the people, situations or environment.
• Video recording - Allows the researcher to also record notes.
• Photography and artifacts - Useful when there is a need to collect observable information or phenomena such as building, neighborhoods, dress and appearance.
• Documentation - Any and all kinds of documentation may be used to provide information such as local paper, information on a notice board
• SURVEY - In doing a survey, the researcher must unbderstand the right mode of inquiry for establishing an inference whether in a large group of people or from a small number of people in a group.
• THREE WAYS OF CONDUCTING A SURVEY

  BY EMAIL

  TELEPHONES

  PERSONAL INTERVIEW
• SAMPLING - The process of obtaining the participants of a study from a larger pool of potential participants termed as the population.