DONE EARTH SCIENCE

• Thermosphere is the region of the atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere and is characterized by increasing temperatures due to the absorption of very short-wave solar energy by oxygen.
• Mesosphere layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and is characterized by decreasing temperatures with height.
• Stratosphere It then begins a gradual increase until the stratopause.
• Stratosphere layer of the atmosphere where temperature remains constant to a height of about 20 kilometers.
• Troposphere bottom layer of the atmosphere where temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.
• Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the air above.
• Atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect.
• A conduit, or pipe, carries gas-rich magma to the surface.
• A volcano is a mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material.
• A crater is the depression at the summit of a volcano or that which is produced by a meteorite impact.
• Plutons are intrusive igneous structures that result from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath the surface of Earth
• Laccoliths are lens-shaped masses that arch overlying strata upward.
• Sills resemble buried lava flows and may exhibit columnar joints.
• Dikes are tabular-shaped intrusive igneous features that cut across preexisting rock layers.
• An intrusive igneous body must have a surface exposure greater than 100 square kilometers to be considered a batholith.
• Batholiths are large masses of igneous rock that formed when magma intruded at depth, became crystallized, and subsequently was exposed by erosion.
• Lava Plateaus Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called "fissures"
• Calderas Size exceeds one kilometer in diameter
• Calderas Formed by collapse
• Calderas are large depressions in volcanoes
• Calderas Nearly circular
• Composite cone Most violent type of activity
• Composite cone Interbedded lavas and pyroclastics
• Composite cone Large size
• Composite cones are volcanoes composed of both lava flows and proclastic material.
• Composite cone Large size
• Composite cone Most are adjacent to the Pacific Ocean
• Cinder cone Frequently occur in groups
• Cinder cone Rather small in size
• Cinder cone Steep slope angle
• Cinder cones are small volcanoes built primarily of pyroclastic material ejected from a single vent.
• Shield volcanoes are broad, gently sloping volcanoes built from fluid basaltic lavas.
• Mantle plumes are masses of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascend toward the surface, where they may lead to igneous activitY
• Ridge-push It may contribute to plate motion.
• Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity.
• Slab-pull It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle.
• Slab-pull is a mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and "pulls" the trailing lithosphere along.
• Convective flow is the motion of matter resulting from changes in temperature.
• Core Average density of nearly 11 g/cm°
• Core Composed of an iron-nickel alloy