PGC Quiz 1 Finals

• Article IV: Citizenship

  • Section 1:

  1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
  2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
  3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
  4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
• Natural-born citizens


  Citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship
• Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 shall be deemed natural-born citizens
• Naturalization


  A process by which a foreigner acquires, voluntarily or by operation of law, the citizenship of another state
• Types of naturalization


  • Direct naturalization
  • Derivative naturalization
• Ways of direct naturalization

  • Individual proceedings under general naturalization laws
  • Special act of the legislature
  • Collective change of nationality
  • Adoption of orphan minors
• Ways of derivative naturalization

  • On the wife of the naturalized husband
  • On the minor children of the naturalized parents
  • On alien woman upon marriage to a national
• Ways of losing Philippine citizenship

  • Naturalization in a foreign country
  • Express renunciation of citizenship
  • Subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution or laws of a foreign country
  • Rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
  • Cancellation of the certificate of naturalization
  • Being declared a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in time of war
  • In case of a woman, upon her marriage to a foreigner
• Dual citizenship


  Allows natural-born Filipinos to enjoy the rights they used to enjoy here before they acquired a new citizenship abroad
• Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law
• Social movement


  A loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society's structure or values
• Social movements


  • They result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society
  • They reflect the faith that people collectively can bring about or prevent social change if they will dedicate themselves to the pursuit of a goal
  • They provide guidelines as to how members should think, constituting a "party line" - a definition of the "correct" position for members to take regarding specific issues
• A social movement is usually large, but largeness is only relative. Some social movements may enlist hundreds of thousands of members, while others take place within the boundaries of a specific secondary group and may include only a few score or a few hundred members
• Social movement


  • Relatively long lasting activity of the membership sustained over a period of weeks, months, or even years
  • Usually large, but largeness is only relative
  • Lacks the fully developed, formal structure of a stable association
  • Leaders do not possess authority in the sense of legitimatized power
  • Members are not formally inducted
  • Informal, non-contractual quality of membership and the absence of formal decision-making procedures
• Membership of a social movement is not formally defined
• Ideal members of a social movement


  Give their total, unselfish loyalty to the movement
• Committed members of a social movement may be regarded as fanatics by outsiders
• Social movement as a reference group

  Provides dedicated members with a new and deviant view of social reality
• Types of social movements based on objective

  • Political
  • Religious
  • Economic
  • Educational
• Reform movement


  Advocates a change that will preserve the existing values but will provide improved means of implementing them
• Revolutionary movement


  Advocates replacement of existing values
• Characterisations of movements based on direction and rate of change

  • Radical
  • Reactionary
  • Moderate
  • Liberal
  • Conservative
• Typology based on direction of change

  • Reactionary (advocates restoration of previous state)
  • Progressive (argues for new social arrangement)
  • Conservative (opposes proposed changes)
• Typology based on public definition, opposition, and means of action

  • Respectable non-factional
  • Respectable factional
  • Revolutionary (denied access to legitimate means)
  • Peculiar (seen as odd but harmless)
• Typology based on strategy and tactics

  • Legitimate
  • Underground
  • Violent
  • Nonviolent
• A social movement undergoes significant changes during its existence
• Changes in a social movement

  • Shift in leadership from charismatic to intellectual to administrative
  • Growth in membership leading to greater heterogeneity
  • Goals becoming broader and vaguer
  • Shift in strategy from personal transformation to societal manipulation
• Propaganda


  An important tool for social movement leaders to maintain morale and unity
• Culture of a social movement

  Encompasses norms and values, including the program (scheme of change) and the ideology (body of ideas justifying the program and strategy)
• Causes of social movements

  • Individual psychological states
  • Characteristics of a society at a particular time
• Norms


  Standardized expectations of behaviour developed by members
• Values


  Include the program (the scheme of change, the new social order that the movement proposes to bring about) and the ideology (a body of ideas justifying the program and the strategy of the movement)
• Ideology usually includes a reinterpretation of history, a projection of the utopia that the success of the movement will introduce, a projection of the disastrous consequences of failure, and a reevaluation of the relationship between population segments and the movement
• Causes of Social Movements

  • Individual psychological states
  • Characteristics of a society at a particular time
• Psychological Factors


  Individual factors that either convince people to join a movement or weaken their commitment to conventional groups
• Alienation, feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness, and estrangement from society


  May predispose individuals to participation in social movements
• Political alienation


  Reflects a loss of faith in the political community and predisposes the individual to join a movement that challenges it
• Relative deprivation


  Persons who could be much worse off than they are but still feel deprived in comparison with even more fortunate groups often play a prominent part in social movements
• Social Factors


  Conditions under which social movements are most likely to arise
• Normative strain


  Arises when changing conditions create a situation in which the established norms no longer lead to the attainment of important, accepted values