genbio exam

• Systematics


  The study of biological diversity which focuses on the evolutionary history of organisms
• Taxonomy


  The science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms based on natural relationship
• Phylogenetic


  The study of the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms
• Classification


  The grouping of living organisms according to similar structures and functions
• Aristotle's early system of classification

  • Grouped organisms into plants and animals
  • Considered colour, size, structure, and genetic makeup to classify organisms
• Two-Kingdom classification (1758)


  Plantae and Animalia
• Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus' classification system


  • Defined a taxonomic hierarchy
  • Introduced binomial nomenclature to give each animal species a two-word scientific name
• Binomial nomenclature


  Naming system that combines genus and species in a two-word scientific name
• Rules for writing scientific names

  • First letter of genus name is capitalized, species name begins with small letter
  • Names are italicized if printed, underlined if handwritten
  • Genus name may be abbreviated to first letter in subsequent citations
• Common and scientific names

  • Pebble Crab - Xanthias lamarckii
  • Horse - Equus caballus
• Nomenclature codes


  • ICN - International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants
  • ICZN - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for animals
  • ICNB - International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
  • ICNCP - International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
  • ICTV - International Code on Taxonomy of Viruses
• Taxonomic hierarchy


  • Kingdoms are divided into Phyla
  • Phyla are subdivided into Classes
  • Classes are subdivided into Orders
  • Orders are subdivided into Families
  • Families are divided into Genera
  • Genera contain closely related species
  • Species is unique
• Ernest Haeckel


  • Proposed the Third Kingdom, named PROTISTA, to accommodate the problematic group of Protozoa, Algae, and Bacteria
• Herbert Copeland


  • Proposed the FOUR KINGDOM SCHEME of biological classification, naming Monera the fourth Kingdom to include bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
• Robert Whittaker


  • Separated non-photosynthetic fungi from Kingdom Plantae and proposed the FIVE KINGDOM SCHEME which include the KINGDOM FUNGI
• Carl Woose


  • Divided the Kingdom Monera into two separate kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Six Kingdom classification


  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Domains of Life


  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
• Prokaryotes


  • Unicellular
  • Kingdom Monera
  • No nucleus
• Eukaryotes

  • Multicellular
  • Have nucleus
  • Includes fungi and plants
• Kingdom Monera


  • Prokaryotic, unicellular and microscopic
  • Includes bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
• Two Kingdoms of Bacteria

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria


  • Ancient bacteria
  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Mostly extremophiles
  • Can thrive in harsh environments
• Three main categories of Archaebacteria

  • Methanogens
  • Thermophiles
  • Halophiles
• Eubacteria


  • "True" bacteria which include all bacteria that affect man and animals
  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Cells have peptidoglycan
  • Survive anywhere
  • Heterotrophs, autotrophs, chemoautotrophs
• Types of Eubacteria


  • Gram-positive (e.g. Streptococcus)
  • Gram-negative (e.g. E. coli)
• Bacterial growth requirements based on temperature

  • Psychrophilic (prefer cold temperatures 0-20°C)
  • Mesophilic (prefer 20-40°C)
  • Thermophilic (prefer >40°C)
• Bacterial growth requirements based on oxygen

  • Aerobes (grow in presence of oxygen)
  • Facultative anaerobes (grow better in presence of O2 but can also grow without)
  • Obligatory aerobes (can only grow in presence of oxygen)
  • Obligatory anaerobes (can only grow in absence of oxygen)
  • Microaerophilic (grow best in low oxygen tension)
• Lactic acid bacteria


  • Used to ferment or culture foods for at least 4000 years, e.g. yogurt and cheese
• Wastewater bacteria


  • Feed on solid human waste, converting organic matter to carbon dioxide and releasing electrons for electrical current
• Kingdom Plantae


  • Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs
  • Cells have cell walls containing cellulose
• Bacteria


  • Have a thick and rigid cell wall called peptidoglycan
• Cellulose ends with "ose" meaning polysaccharide
• Banana plant is a monocot
• Kingdom Protista


  • Mostly aquatic
  • Most are heterotrophic, some are autotrophic
  • Three phyla based on nutrition type: Protozoa (animal-like), Algae (plant-like), Slime molds and water molds (fungus-like)
• Types of Protozoa based on movement

  • Pseudopods (false-feet)
  • Flagellates (move with flagella)
  • Ciliates (move with cilia)
• Kingdom Fungi


  • Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mostly multicellular
  • Possess cell walls usually made of chitin and are spore formers
• Modes of fungal nutrition

  • Saprophytic (feed on dead organic substances)
  • Parasitic (obtain nutrition from living hosts)
  • Symbiotic (mutually beneficial relationship with other species)
• Four types of Fungi

  
  

  -Zygomucote

  -Ascomycote

  -Basidiomycote

  -Deuteromycote
• Kingdom Animalia

  • Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic
  • Animal cells have no cell walls
  • Most can move from place to place, some are permanently attached