BIO

• Seven life processes


  • Movement/locomotion
  • Sensitivity
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
  • Respiration
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
• Movement/locomotion


  Plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from one place to another
• Sensitivity


  Plants show response to stimuli like light and touch
• Phototropism


  Process by which plants grow toward the light
• Phototropism


  • Stems curve to face the light
  • Roots grow towards water
• Excretion


  Plants release oxygen, waste product of photosynthesis
• Nutrition


  Plants are autotrophic, draw mineral nutrients from the soil through their roots
• Respiration


  Respiration in plants take place through the stomata
• Growth


  Plants grow by producing new cells and tissues, occurs at the plant's stem, leaves, flowers and roots
• Mitosis


  To produce new cells for the plant to use as growth tissue
• Reproduction


  Produce asexually through budding, vegetative propagation, also reproduce sexually by pollination
• Classification of plants


  • Seedless nonvascular plants
  • Seedless vascular plants
  • Seed plants
• Seedless nonvascular plants


  • Lack specialized tissues and have other way to move water and other substances
  • Have stalks that look like stems and green, leaflike growths
  • Have rhizoids, threadlike structures that anchor them where they grow
  • Water and other substances are is absorbed and distributed directly through their cell membranes and cell walls
  • Do not have flowers and reproduce by spores
• Seedless nonvascular plants


  • Mosses
  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts
• Seedless vascular plants


  • Do not produce seeds
  • Reproduce by producing spores
  • Have strong cell walls providing strength and stability
  • Need to grow in moist surroundings in order for gametophytes to produce egg cells and sperm cells
• Seedless vascular plants


  • Ferns
  • Club mosses
  • Horsetails
• Seed plants


  • Most have leaves, stems, roots and vascular tissue
  • Produce seeds
• Seed plants


  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
• Leaves


  Organs of the plant where the food-making process usually occurs
• Structure of a leaf

  • Epidermis
  • Stomata
  • Guard cells
  • Palisade layer
  • Spongy layer
• Stem


  Located above ground and support the branches, leaves and reproductive structures
• Types of stem


  • Herbaceous stem
  • Woody stem
• Roots


  • Absorb water and minerals from the soil and transport them to the upper parts of the plant
  • Provide anchorage to the plants and keep them attached to the soil
  • Used to store food
  • Prevents soil erosion
• Types of root systems

  • Taproot
  • Fibrous roots
  • Adventitious roots
• Vascular tissue


  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Cambium
• Xylem


  Made up of hollow tubular cells stacked on top of the structure called vessel, water conducting cells of plants, transport water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plants
• Phloem


  Made of tubular cells that are stacked to form structures called tubes, transport food to the other parts of the plant
• Cambium


  The tissues that produces the most xylem and phloem cells
• Gymnosperms


  Vascular plants that produce seeds that are not protected by fruit, do not have flowers, leaves are needlelike or scalelike
• Angiosperms


  Vascular plant that flowers and produces fruits with or more seed, fruit develops from a parts or parts of one or more flowers
• Angiosperms


  • Monocotyledons
  • Dicotyledons
• Monocots


  Have flower parts in multiple of three, leaves are narrow and vascular bundles show up as parallel veins in leaves, vascular tissues arranged as bundles scattered throughout the stem, have one cotyledon
• Dicots


  Have flower parts in multiple of four or five, the vascular bundles are the network of veins in the leaves, vascular bundles occur in rings, have two cotyledons
• Life cycles of angiosperms

  • Annual
  • Biennial
  • Perennial
• Annual


  Plant's life cycle completed within one year, must be grown from seeds each year
• Biennial


  Complete their life cycles within 2 years, store a large amount of food in an underground root or stem for growth in the second year of growth
• Perennial


  Take more than two years to grow to maturity
• Animals reproduce, grow, use energy, and respond to their environments
• Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, almost all have cells organized into tissues and tissues organized into organs
• Animal cells have no cell walls, get their shape from the cytoskeleton within the cell