Newwwwwww his

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain


  Late 1700s
• Industrial Revolution


  New manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States that took place between the 18th and the 19th centuries
• Before the Industrial Revolution, the economic needs of the society were met through the farming and production of simple handmade articles
• Industrial Revolution


  1. Manufacturing rapidly changed from mainly hand production to the use of machinery

  2. Transition from old modes of production to new technologically driven production
• The consolidation of capitalism in Europe was an outcome of change in producing cloth, iron, steel, and other manufactured goods
• Capitalism


  A mode of production consisting of large, centrally controlled accumulations of capital that is used to finance production of commodities
• Characteristics of capitalism


  • Capital accumulation
  • Competitive markets
  • Price system
  • Private property and recognition of property rights
  • Voluntary exchange
  • Wage labour
• New technologies that helped business

  • Telephone to coordinate transactions over long distances
  • Typewriter to speed up record-keeping
  • Electricity which made it possible to work safely after dark
• The ethos of industrial capitalism began to challenge mercantilist doctrines of trade barriers and protective monopolies, and by the mid-19th century, Britain had fully embraced laissez-faire economy
• By the 19th century, Britain was seen (and saw herself) as the world's workshop
• Steam engine technology


  1. Invention of steam-powered locomotive engines

  2. Development of railways
• Railways made possible the integration of vast continental spaces politically, culturally, and economically
• The mechanization of labour caused the displacement of thousands of labourers
• Social changes during Industrial Revolution

  • Growth of cities
  • Emergence of bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Bourgeoisie


  Owned the factory, machine in its raw materials and the finished goods
• Proletariat


  Sold their labour for money wages, were poorly paid under strict work discipline and faced unemployment
• Children represented a cheap supply of labour
• The Industrial Revolution transformed agriculture and handicrafts economies to large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system
• The Industrial Revolution resulted in increase in wealth, production of goods and standard of living
• Negative effects of Industrial Revolution

  • Environmental degradation
  • Poor sanitation
  • Spread of diseases
  • Pollution
  • Poor working conditions and low wage
  • Child labor
• The French Revolution


  1787-1799
• French Revolution


  A period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799
• The French Revolution broke out in 1789
• Reasons for the outbreak of the French Revolution

  • The French monarchy was bankrupt, and the autocratic kings were inefficient
  • The influence of the French philosophers stimulated the French society against feudal oppression and its political, economic and social injustices
  • The French people were highly influenced than any other societies in Europe by the English bourgeois Revolution and the American War of Independence
• French society before the Revolution

  • First Estate: Royal family and clergy
  • Second Estate: French nobility
  • Third Estate: Peasants and bourgeoisie
• The First and Second Estates owned vast lands and had special socio-economic and political privileges, while the Third Estate owned little land and enjoyed no social, economic and political rights
• The Estates General was not assembled for 175 years until 1789, during which France remained an absolute monarchy
• Events leading to the French Revolution

  1. Louis XVI faced financial bankruptcy and called for the meeting of the Estates General on May 5, 1789

  2. Conflict broke out between the three Estates

  3. The Third Estate transformed the Estates-General into the National Assembly

  4. The people of Paris stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789
• Louis XVI was helpless as he could not use his army due to uncertainty about their loyalty
• In June 1791, Louis XVI and his family tried to escape France in disguise but were recognized and taken back as prisoners
• Achievements of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1791

  • Abolition of old feudal privileges
  • Declaration of the rights of man and all citizens
  • Writing of a constitution establishing a limited monarchy
• The National Assembly confiscated church lands and suppressed monasteries
• New political forces emerged in Paris and other French cities, playing the role of political parties since their emergence in 1789-90
• There was disagreement between the moderate and radical leaders of the Revolution
• Events during the French Revolution

  1. France declared war on Austria and Prussia in April 1792

  2. The French army defeated the enemy forces at the battle of Valmy on September 20, 1792

  3. France was proclaimed a republic two days later

  4. Louis XVI was put on trial in December 1792, found guilty and executed on January 21 1793

  5. France faced the joint military forces of Britain, Austria, Prussia, Holland, Spain, Sardinia and other Italian states in February 1793
• Political groups during the French Revolution

  • Girondists: Represented the big and middle bourgeoisie
  • Jacobins: Led the left-wing of the Revolution
• The Jacobins defeated the Girondists and formed the Jacobin revolutionary dictatorship in June 1793
• The Jacobins instituted the Reign of Terror against counter revolutionaries, with Robespierre as the leader
• The Jacobins made several reforms that encouraged merchants and free trade
• The Jacobins harshly suppressed their opponents, leading to a gradual loss of support, and Robespierre and his Jacobin followers were guillotined in July 1794