HUMAN RIGHTS AND GLOBAL GOV

    Cards (81)

    • what are human rights
      universal and inalienable values applicable to all humans
    • whats the differences in human rights
      the first 21 are first generational political and civil rights and rights 22-29 are second generation economic and social rights
    • what are human rights not
      codified
    • whats international law
      Body of principles, customs and rules that are recognised as obligations by states in their mutual relations
    • name some sources of international law
      1648 treaty of Westphalia / 1948 Universal declaration of human rights / 1949 Geneva convention / 1954 Hague convention
    • what did the 1648 treaty of Westphalia do
      identified statehood and sovereignty
    • how many countries signed the 1948 UDHR
      193 members
    • what did the 1949 Geneva convention do
      protect civilians in conflict
    • What did the 1954 Hague convention do
      safeguarded cultural sights
    • what has happened to international law since the French revolution
      International law has been informed by the values of political liberalism and facilitates cooperation between states
    • What are the ways the international community seeks to protect human rights
      diplomacy, trade and soft power / humanitarian intervention / international courts
    • how do the human rights contradict the UN charter
      "nothing contained in the present charter shall authorise the UN to intervene in matters that are in state jurisdiction"
    • what are the feature of international law
      decentralised / mostly uneforcable / based on peace and moral framework
    • who created just war theory
      aquinas
    • what is just war theory
      a theory to justify how, when and why wars should be fought
    • what is the aim of just war theory
      is to provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations. It only applies to states, and not to individuals
    • what the the 3 moral principles just war theory aims to reconcile
      1 - taking life is wrong 2 - states have a duty to defend citizens 3 - protection of human life
    • what are the two elements of just war theory
      jus ad bellum -  the conditions under which the use of military force is justified /  jus in bello -how to conduct a war in an ethical manner
    • when was responsibility to protect created
      2005 under the UN general assembly
    • Why was responsibility to protect created
      Due to failures in the international community such as 1994 Rwandan genocide and 1990 Yugoslavia conflict
    • what does responsibility to protect aim to do
      Protect against - genocide / war crimes / crimes against humanity / ethnic cleansing
    • name a genocide
      1994 Rwandan genocide
    • name a instance of crimes against humanity
      1930 - 1940 Nazi Holocaust of jewish civilians
    • name an example of a war crime
      intentionally attacking buildings of public necessity - hospitals and schools / taking hostages / mutilation / raping or murdering civilians / torture
    • give an example of an ethnic cleansing
      the Israel and Palestine conflict
    • how many times has responsibility to protect been invoked
      over 65 times
    • when was responsibility to protect last use
      2011 Arab spring
    • Give an example of conflicts that have taken place where responsibility to protect has been ignored
      syrian civil war / Gaza / Ukraine
    • What are the limits of human rights
      Inconsistent application / realist perspective / actions make matters worse / double standards
    • How are human rights inconsistently applied
      Middle eastern conflicts are largely ignored - Iraq and Afghanistan were taken more seriously after 9/11 but Palestine has been ignored
    • What is the realist perspective on human rights
      Argue states only intervene in incidents that benefit them
    • How do human rights arguably cause actions to make matters worse
      cases like abu gharaiab and UN peacekeepers sexual abuses
    • How do human rights have double standards
      More powerful Western countries ignore human rights abuses when it suits them
    • Example of when a powerful country has ignored human rights abuses
      Guantánamo Bay
    • what happened in East Timor
      UNSC expressed concern in 1999 at a situation calling for multinational peace and security to protect and support UN missions - Indonesia tried to claim sovereignty over East Timor and it is also not recognised by the UN
    • What is humanitarian intervention
      Use or threat of military force by a state with the intent of ending human rights violations
    • Name some key achievements of human rights
      60% of countries have national human rights institutions / Women have a right to vote in 198 places / most states have a national parliament / 100 countries have now outlawed capital punishment / freedom of information laws and policies are adopted by 111 countries
    • why is international laws argued to be pointless
      It's argued it's pointless unless it can be enforced
    • How has diplomacy, trade and soft power helped human rights
      NGOs, like amnesty international, have pressured state adherence to human rights. They were also influential in drafting the 1984 convention of torture and uses the media to name and shame states that don't protect human rights. It's also lead to the spread of democracy and democratic states care more about human rights and do more to enforce them
    • How many members does amnesty international have
      7 million