chemistry paper 1

• Cr3+ colour with water, with OH, XS OH, XS NH3?

  violet solution, green ppt, green solution, purple solution
• Fe2+ colour with water, with OH?

  green solution, green ppt
• Fe3+ colour with water, with OH?

  yellow solution, brown ppt
• Mn2+ colour with water, with OH?

  pink solution, brown ppt
• Cu2+ colour with water, with OH, with excess NH3?

  blue solution, blue ppt, dark blue solution
• group 2 hydroxides pH?

  alkali
• use of calcium hydroxide?

  neutralise acidic soil
• use of magnesium hydroxide?

  antacid
• trend of group 2 hydroxides down group?

  alkalinity increases down group
• are group 2 oxidised or reduced?

  oxidised
• are group 7 oxidised or reduced?

  reduced
• colour of cl2 in water, cyclohexane?

  pale green
• colour of br2 in water, cyclohexane?

  orange
• colour of I2 in water, cyclohexane?

  brown, violet
• enthalpy of formation?


  1 mole of a compound formed from its constituent elements in their standard states
• enthalpy of atomisation?


  1 mole of gaseous atoms formed from the element in its standard state
• 1st ionisation energy?


  removal of 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions
• 1st electron affinity?


  1 mole gaseous atoms converted to 1 mole gaseous 1- ions
• lattice enthalpy?


  1 mole of solid ionic compound formed from its gaseous ions
• hydration enthalpy?


  water molecules surround 1 mole of gaseous ions
• solution enthalpy?


  1 mole of solute dissolves completely
• average bond enthalpy?


  1 mole of a specific type of gaseous bonds are broken
• bond breaking?


  endothermic
• bond making?


  exothermic
• arrhenius acid?


  produced H+ in water
• arrhenius base?


  produces OH- in water
• bronsted-lowry acid?


  proton donor
• bronsted-lowry base?


  proton acceptor
• lewis acid?

  electron pair acceptor
• lewis base?


  electron pair donor
• phenolpthalein colour change?


  colourless acidic, pink basic
• methyl orange colour change?

  red acidic, yellow basic
• exothermic reactions?


  1st EA, lattice enthalpy, formation
• endothermic reactions?


  atomisation, IE, 2nd EA
• 2 bonded, 0 lone?


  linear, 180
• 2 bonded, 2 lone?

  non-linear, 104.5
• 3 bonded, 0 lone?

  trigonal planar, 120
• 3 bonded, 1 lone?

  pyramidal, 107
• 4 bonded, 0 lone?

  tetrahedral, 109.5
• 4 bonded, 2 lone?


  square planar