CAPSTONE | LECTURE 04

• Q: Conceptualizing a research topic is one of the most challenging aspects of research. It requires obtaining existing or background information about the topic of interest
• It expands your knowledge as a researcher:


  Reading background information helps you understand your research topic as well as its context.
• It gives a summary of critical studies:


  Background information can be synthesized so that studies relevant to your research topic are included.
• It helps refine your research topic:

  Gathering background information reveals issues that have not been resolved yet.
• TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

  • PRIMARY LITERATURE
  • SECONDARY LITERATURE
  • TERTIARY LITERATURE
• PRIMARY LITERATURE


  It refers to original research and new studies that contain firsthand information about a certain topic.
• PRIMARY LITERATURE


  Also known as primary source, it is used as a basis of other types of literature since it is the most recent among them.
• Q: Primary literature is evaluated by scientists and researchers of the same area of expertise as that of the author to ensure its accuracy
• Q: This process of evaluation is called peer review.
• EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY LITERATURE

  □ Journal articles

  □ Monographs

  □ Autobiographies

  □ Photographs

  □ Speeches

  □ Artifacts

  □ Diaries

  □ Official & Original Documents

  □ Music

  □ Research Papers

  □ Conference proceedings

  □ Patents

  □ Field notes

  □ Lab notebook
• SECONDARY LITERATURE


  Publications that largely rely on primary literature. Its main purpose to discuss, evaluate, synthesize, and summarize information from different primary sources.
• Q: This is the reason why secondary literature usually provides broader and more in-depth information about a given topic.
• SECONDARY LITERATURE


  Nevertheless, it also undergoes peer review before publication
• EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY LITERATURE


  □ Literature review articles

  □ Meta-analysis

  □ Indices

  □ Data compilations

  □ Newspaper articles

  □ Textbooks

  □ Biograph
• TERTIARY LITERATURE


  Based on both primary and secondary literatures. It represents a condensed summary or an introduction to the current knowledge or research on the topic.
• TERTIARY LITERATURE


  This kind of literature holds information that, while authentic, is farthest from the source.
• TERTIARY LITERATURE


  It is also not as focuses and detailed as the previous types of literature.
• EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY LITERATURE:


  □ Science magazines

  □ Textbooks

  □ Encyclopedia

  □ Dictionaries

  □ Directories

  □ Yearbook
• Q: Traditionally, researchers gather information by reading various sources or resources to make sure that their information are
• GENERAL REFERENCES


  are the broadest reading materials; they cover every knowledge available.
• GENERAL REFERENCES


  They can be used to gain initial knowledge and general ideas about a certain topic. However, general references cannot give an in-depth discussion about a research topic.
• Examples of General References


  Almanacs

  Atlases

  Dictionaries

  Encyclopedia
• SCHOLARLY BOOKS


  are written for general or specialized fields of science (e.g. chemistry, engineering. Etc.) they contain information derived from original research.
• SCHOLARLY BOOKS


  are more detailed than general references.
• SCHOLARLY BOOKS


  They contain key concepts, terminologies, and data that can be easily understood.
• MONOGRAPHS


  Are highly specialized books or treaties (official or agreements between two or more parties) that contain detailed and thoroughly documented studies and papers
• MONOGRAPHS


  It focus on a single topic on a single topic in a particular field.
• MONOGRAPHS


  contain comprehensive information that can serve as background knowledge for your research.
• REVIEW ARTICLE


  or reviews, are written documents that sum up the current state of the research on a particular topic.
• REVIEW ARTICLE


  provide a basic understanding about a specific research area and care, at the same time, relatively easy to understand.
• REVIEW ARTICLE


  They are more detailed, current, and commonly published in peer-reviewed journals.
• SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS


  are the main source of primary information related to past and current scientific investigations.
• SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS


  They are usually specialized for different fields or disciplines of science.
• ONLINE RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION


  It refers to the process of accessing and obtaining data or knowledge from digital sources via the internet.
• ONLINE RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION


  This involves using various online tools, databases, search engines, and websites to locate specific information, documents, articles, or resources relevant to a particular topic or query.
• SEARCH ENGINES


  Are web-based tools or platforms that allow users to search for information on the internet.
• EXAMPLES OF SEARCH ENGINES:


  Google

  Bing

  Yahoo

  Baidu

  Ask

  AOL (American Online)
• BOOLEAN OPERATOR


  Boolean logic or searching is a method of organizing one's search using a combination of key words. There are three main Boolean operators, namely: In context of Peanut Butter & Jelly
• BOOLEAN OPERATOR


  These are used to limit your search engines to only the results that you need.
• AND


  this search would only retrieve results with "Peanut Butter" and "Jelly"