Antomy final

• Erythrocytes 


  red blood cells, transports oxygen
• Anemia 


  abnormal low RBC count
• Sickle cell anemia 


  the abnormal hemoglobin cell Shape. shaped like sickles.
• Polycythemia 


  an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes .
• Positive chemotaxis 


  WBC can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells.
• Leukocytosis 


  indiacate a baterical + virus infections.
• Leukopenia 


  Condition of abnormally low blood cell WBC count.
• Leukemia 


  white blood from bone marrow become cancerous.
• Neutrophils 


  most numerous of WBC. They are phagocytes of at sites of an acute infection.
• Eosinophils


  increases during allegories and infections by parasitic worms.
• Basophils 


  rarest of wbc that contain histamine which is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.
• Lymphocytes 


  second most nemerous WBC. Play an important role in immune system.
• Platelets

  the fragments of megakaryoctyes. To prevent and stop bleeding, usually forms bloodclots in cuts.
• Component of blood 


  plasma 55%

  RBC 45%

  abc

  platelets 1 %
• Nemonic for WBC count

  never-neutrophils 60%

  let-lymphocytes 30%

  monkey-monocytes 6%

  eat- Eosinophils 3%

  Bananas- Basophils 1%
• Hemoglobin chemical structure


  A hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains made up of amino acids joined together by polypeptide chains. The chains are named aphla and beta it has 2 of each. Composed of primarily alpha. Each chain is called a subunit. They are coordinated with heme.

  
• Hemoglobin function 


  the iron from the hemoglobin can bind oxygen and the porphryin surrounding the iron. also the iron is responsible for binding globin. it can bind up to four molecules of oxygen at one time.
• Hemostasis step buy step sequence

  1. Vascular spasms occur, blood vessels go into spams decreasing blood loss until clotting occurs. Releases serotonin

  2. Platelet plug forms, pallets become sticky and cling to the damged site

  3. Cogulation occurs (clotting)

  injured tissues are releaseing clotting factors. Prothrombin coverts to thrombin.
• Hematopoiesis


  blood cell formation

  • occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue (muscle tissue)
• Hemophilia 


  bleeding disorder that results from a lack of clotting factors needed for clotting.
• Thrombocytopenia 


  results from an insouciant number of circulating platelets.
• Petechiae 


  small purplish blotches on the skin
• thrombus 


  a clot that circulates in unbroken blood vessels. which can cause regulur blood flow.
• embolism 


  blood clot gets stuck in a blood vessel and prevents blood flow.
• Neuralgia functions chapter 7

  Astrocytes= brace neurons and control chemical environment of brain

  Microglia= eliminate dead cells, bacteria and derbis.

  Ependymal cells= circulate cerebrospinal fluid (line cavities of brain and spinal cord)

  Oligodendrocytes = produce myelin sheath that insulates the axons in the CNS.

  satellites cells= protect neuron cell bodies in the PNS

  Schwann cells = produce myelin sheath that insulates the axons in the PNS.

  
• The peripheral nervous system 


  The Peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system outside the part nervous system. This system consists mainly of nerves. The Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. The nerves serve as a communication line carrying impulses from the sensory receptors from the CNS.  Cranial nerves help carry impulses from the brain. The nerves serve as communication lines from the sensory receptors from CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles.
• Central nervous system 


  The CNS

  consists of the brain and  spinal cord, this occupies the dorsal body cavity. It acts as a command center and integrating system for the nervous system. Interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experience and current. 
• Action potential 


  Activates neurons to transmit a long distance signal called an action potential or a nerve impulse.

  1.depolarization, the inside is more positive and the outside is now more negative. Becomes positive.

  2. Repolarization, inside becomes negative K ions and outside is now more positive this restores the electrical conditions at the meme range to be polarized.

  
• Reflex arc 


  Reflex arcs reflexes occur over neural pathways and they are rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli. 
• Function of the medulla

  Inferior part of the brain stem and it merges into the spinal cord. Controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting and among others. 

  
• function of the cerebellum

  Provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium.

  
• Functions of cerebrum 


  initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.

  
• somatic vs autonomic nervous system

  Somatic nervous- system allows us to make voluntary movements.

  Autonomic nervous system- regulates involuntary movement.

  
• Parasympathetic vs Sympatheic


  Parasympathetic are located in the brain and nuclei of several cranial nerves.  The function is to converse and store energy and regulate basic body functions including the resting or digesting system. 

  Sympathetic division controls the flight or fight response.

  
• Nerve structure 


  The gray matter of the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter H. White matter are outside of the gray matter. They have different functions based on the neurons located in their areas.

  
• Alzheimer's


  • A form of dementia associated with age
• Autism


  • A brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
• Huntington's Disease


  • A degeneration of nerve cells in the brain or a damaging condition in the brain that causes the nerve cells to stop working properly
• Spinal cord injuries


  • Damage to the spinal cord, could cause paralysis
• Stroke


  • Occurs when blood flow to the brain is halted