STRUCTURE FUNCTION BLOCK 2

• Thoracic


  Relating to the thorax or chest
• Joints


  The point at which two or more bones or elements are fitted together
• Vet Prep
• Structural and Functional Biology
• Dr. Melissa Kehl
• Courtesy of Dr. Terri Clark
• Describe the bones that make up the shoulder, elbow and carpus

  1. Identify the bones

  2. Explain their roles

  
• Describe the important boney prominences / structures that make up these joints

  1. Identify the boney structures

  2. Explain their importance
• Utilize scientific terminology necessary to describe these joints movements and directional terms


  1. Use appropriate terminology

  2. Describe joint movements and directions
• Give examples of muscles which cause action at these joints; as well as their individual origin and insertions

  1. Identify relevant muscles

  2. Describe muscle origins and insertions

  3. Explain how muscles cause joint actions
• Pelvic Limb Joints


  • Coxofemoral (hip) joint
  • Stifle joint
  • Tarsus
  • Sacroiliac jt.
  • Proximal and distal interphalangeal jts.
  • Metatarso-phalangeal jts.

  
• Coxofemoral (hip) joint


  • Head of the femur (ball) and acetabulum (socket) synovial joint
  • Primary movements are flexion and extension
  • Also allows for abduction, adduction, and circumduction

  
• Shoulder or Glenohumeral or Scapulohumeral Joint

  • Glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • Head of the humerus
  • Synovial- ball and socket joint

  
• Flexion and Extension Example

  1. Quadriceps femoris m. (4 heads, only 2 shown)

  2. Origin of rectus femoris: Ilium

  3. Origin of vastus lateralis: Proximal femur

  4. Insertion of both: Tibial tuberosity

  5. Actions of both together: Flex the hip, Extend the stifle

  
• Glenoid


  Greek "Socket"
• Extension and Flexion Example

  1. Semitendinosus m. (a hamstring muscle)

  2. Origin: Pelvis (tuber ischii)

  3. Insertion: Proximal, caudal tibia, Calcaneus (a tarsal bone)

  4. Actions: Extend the hip, Flex the stifle, Extend the hock

  
• Shoulder Extension


  1. Origin: Supraspinous Fossa

  2. Insertion: Greater Tubercle of Humerus

  3. Action: Extension of the shoulder

  
• Coxofemoral Joint


  • Joint capsule – fibrous outer layer and synovial inner membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication
  • Ligament of the head of the femur - courses from the acetabulum to the head of the femur

  
• Stifle Joint


  • Complex condylar synovial joint
  • Movements are limited to flexion and extension
  • Joints: Femorotibial, Femoropatellar, Proximal tibiofibular
  • Several ligaments associated with the stifle

  
• Shoulder Flexion


  1. Origin: Caudal border of scapula

  2. Insertion: Teres Major Tuberosity

  3. Action: Shoulder Flexion

  
• Menisci and associated ligaments

  • Two C-shaped fibrocartilage discs – medial and lateral menisci
  • Located between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia

  
• Elbow or Humeroradioulnar Joint

  • 3 joints: humeroradial, humeroulnar and proximal radioulnar
  • Lateral collateral ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament
• Patellar ligament


  • Ligament between the patella and the tibial tuberosity
• Extension of the elbow

  1. Origin: Caudal border of scapula and proximal humerus

  2. Insertion: Olecranon of Ulna

  3. Action: Extension of the elbow, flex the shoulder
• Collateral ligaments of the stifle

  • Located on the lateral and medial sides of the stifle – extra-articular
  • Help stabilize the stifle
  • Lateral collateral ligament: Courses from the femur to the fibula and tibia, Limits medial (varus) motion of the tibia
  • Medial collateral ligament: Courses from the femur to the tibia, Limits lateral (valgus) motion of the tibia
• Flexion of the Elbow

  1. Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

  2. Insertion: Radial and Ulnar Tuberosity (cranial, medial)

  3. Action: Flex the elbow, Extend the shoulder
• Cruciate ligaments


  • Course between the femur and tibia, Intra-articular
  • Cranial cruciate ligament: Attaches to the tibia cranially, Prevents the tibia from sliding cranially
  • Caudal cruciate ligament: Attaches to the tibia caudally, Prevents caudal movement of the tibia

  
• Supination


  1. Origin: Lateral Epicondyle of humerus

  2. Insertion: Cranial radius

  3. Action: Supinate antebrachium (turn inward)
• Pronation


  1. Origin: Medial Epicondyle of humerus

  2. Insertion: Cranial radius

  3. Action: Pronate the antebrachium (turn outward)
• Diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture: Cranial drawer test, Tibial compression test, MRI, Arthroscopy
• Carpal Joint


  • Antebrachiocarpal joint
  • Middle carpal joint
  • Carpometacarpal joint
• Flexion of the carpus

  1. Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon

  2. Insertion: Accessory carpal bone

  3. Action: Flex the Carpus
• Carpal Extension


  1. Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

  2. Insertion: Metacarpal bones II and III

  3. Action: Extend the Carpus
• Carpal Hyperextension


  1. Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

  2. Insertion: Metacarpal bones II and III

  3. Action: Extend the Carpus
• Axial Skeleton


  • Skull and mandibles
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Hyoid apparatus

  
• Vertebral formula for the dog

  C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca 20-23

  
• T gene mutation of C189G
• Breeds with T gene mutation

  • Australian Shepherd
  • Austrian Pinscher
  • Brittany Spaniel
  • Jack Russell Terrier
  • Karelian Bear Dog
  • Schipperke
  • Spanish Water Dog
  • Swedish Vallhund
  • Pembroke Welsh Corgi
• T gene mutation is always heterozygous, homozygous expected to be fatal
• Typical vertebra


  • Vertebral body
  • Vertebral arch
  • Processes